This Is Reggae Music Essay Example for Free

This Is Reggae Music EssayJamaica has been known to be a tourist spot in the Caribbean Islands, because of the stress relieving find oneself in being one with natures elements. Apart from Jamaicas notoriety as a tourist destination, it also prides itself with one of the most influential and prevalent melodic styles of the present-day(a) era, Reggae. Beginning from its humble origins during the 60s, Reggae has become a powerful forcein the field of music, which spawned various publications such as Lloyd Bradleys , This is Reggae Music The tosh of Jamaicas Music. The book primarily follows the birth and cultivation of Reggae during the 60s in a defining and clever manner. During the time when other musical genres, especially those not of European or American origin, a Jamaican musical style rose to the occasion and proved that Reggae has transcended from the dim hopes of ever being recognized globally. In a more significant perspective, Bradley explains that Reggae possesses a c ertain location that main stream music and artists fail to have, dedication (Bradley, 2001). Reggae has always been and always will be music for the people (Bradley, 2001), unlike the conventional tendencies of popular actors who turn up to exert less effort in making good music as their careers progress. The attitude that Bradley speaks of pertains to compassion for the listeners and not the headstrong arrogant tendencies of several popular recording artists and musicians. Furthermore, Bradley states how Reggae is all about the music and the fans rather than the life, the fame and the glory. An ordinary listener would usually think of Bob Marley when the word Reggae is uttered, not that Bob Marley has given(p) Reggae a bad name, but Reggae has more depth and substance further than what Marley offered. And if Marley would have been alive, he would not approve of his status as the epitome of Reggae. In relation, Bradley has given life to Reggae as a musical style and as a culture . He bequeaths the reader with a detailed account of Reggae from the root down to the auditory sensation systems used. Bradley begins This is Reggae Music The Story of Jamaicas Music with a listeners or a fans point of view wherein he describes the experience of being in a crowd ceremonial occasion a Reggae performance (Bradley, 2001). Most musicians describe music or making music as something extraordinary in a sense that one would bump vibe or bolts of electricity flowing through the bloodstream, Bradley however describes making Reggae music as something magical or extraordinary as far as experience is concerned (Bradley, 2001). The book then explains how the simplicity of Reggae came to describe it as music to the people, as the technicalities of dancing similar to disco and early Rock and wind hits are explained as not the point of concern, the point of being among your own people (Bradley, 2001). Bradley then segues in to a testimony of the life of Reggae as a versatile one , he describe its religious inclinations, social and cultural perspectives, and the global competence of Reggae as an art. He also described the life of a Reggae musician in contrast to the Rock and Roll lifestyle of Sex, Drugs, and Rock Roll, with that said, Bradley insinuates that Reggae is not a slave to fame. Bradleys This is Reggae Music The Story of Jamaicas Music indicates the various styles, that Reggae has innovated and adopted, though not all of them are original . The soul style which is a derivative of Jazz was adopted by Reggae, but the soul style of Reggae as Bradley describes concerns mad harmonies of lyrics and instruments with a Reggae feel (Bradley, 2001). Bradley also discussed the new dances that have emerged from the sub-genres of Reggae as well as how the evolution of technology went hand in hand with Reggae (Bradley, 2001). In a different note, Bradley has also described how Reggae died after the 1970s, he particularly expresses his strong feelings of dislik e for Marleys distinct style. He also disliked Marleys political motivation of songwriting and how it tends to be corruptive. He also forcibly placed Reggaes globalization in a positive light, specifically, the British Reggae in the latter chapters of the book (Bradley, 2001). The globalization topic, though delicately detailed somehow ruins the presentation of the publications as Bradley tends to contradict his own opinion in discussing British Reggae. Bradley has come up with fine detailed work in explaining an underdog music that made its mark in the world. Though there are certain flaws and biased points of view, Bradley still managed to give a vast explanation of Reggae and how it highly-developed from a simple musical style in to a global phenomenon. Bradley has introduced readers, listeners, musicians and non-musicians alike to the real road to reggae with a little bumps along the way.ReferencesBradley, L. (2001). This is Reggae Music The Story of Jamaicas Music . New York Pe nguin Books.

My motivation Essay Example for Free

My motivation EssayMy motivation to attend a Historically Black College or University has a lot to do with black history but not for the most common reasons. For me to be adequate to properly express my sentiments in reservation this selection, I would like to begin by speaking of my experience as a black woman and the experience of being black in America. This, I feel, is the only way that I can clearly explain my decision to attend a Historically Black College or University. In the very get of this nations history, Americans were under the power of Englands monarchy. The Americans were able to overthrow the shackles of bondage and created a Constitution that declares its steadfast belief in the ideals of freedom, equality and the pursuit of happiness. But immediately later on the Declaration of Independence and even after the Constitution was signed and accepted by leaders of the new government, not every American citizen is treated fairly.This lead to the development of s everal plans that were aimed at making things equal. Among which, affirmative meet was praised and pilloried as the answer to racial inequality. First introduced by President Kennedy in 1961, Affirmative action was designed as a method of reducing the discrimination that had remained despite the civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. It was a method that was put in place as a Temporary Measure to Level the Playing Field through the offering of the same opportunities to all Americans.While the Affirmative Action plan was mean to have good effects, it resulted in exposing the flaws in the system as Reverse Racism began to emerge and the Bakke case came about where a white male was jilted two years in a row in favor of admitting other minorities through a quota system. This Reverse Racism and other flaws led to a mounting anger a come acrossst Affirmative Action and soon it became a Zero Sum Game as jobs and opportunities became open to minorities but not to whites. During this period, Preferential treatment and quotas became expressions of contempt.This is where my drive to apply at this Historically Black College or University comes from because I am a firm believer in the progress that has been made to portion out this situation. The recent victory of Barack Obama in the United States Presidential Election of 2008 is one of the biggest issues among many other big events that have occurred in America this year. This years election was even more controversial because of the racial issue, which they barely, if at all, had in previous elections.During the course of the campaigns, other candidates may have mentioned the racial difficulties in their obstetrical delivery or public pledge, but no candidate ever represented him-self as a minority. The United States, I am knightly to admit, has begun the long adjoin of change. The idea of having a Black President was unthinkable and unimaginable ten years ago. Yet, it must be pointed out that it was on ly achievable because America is amalgamate by multi-ethnicity, which means America is like a melting pot, where all different races and cultures are mixed in one particular land, often called a artless of immigrants.Many other countries aside from than the United States were and still likely to deny minorities as their presidents. This recent success is a clear sign that Obamas successful run for president has broken through the last racial barrier. America no longer has to be rudely awakened by the Civil Rights Movement to realize that there is still much melt to be done with regards to racism in this country. When Martin Luther King, Jr. died, the nation was ready for a major change. Ending segregation in the South and improving the status of the Negro race is now the correct thing to do.The victory of Barack Obama sends a nub of change that resounds with all the voters it speaks of change and opportunity for all those who had none and all those who have none. It is this same message of change that has prompted me to embrace my country for taking travel in initiating this change. These Historically Black Colleges and Universities have been trying to change this trend since their inception and I feel that it is my duty to be a part of that proud history and continue the message of change by pushing back the barriers.As the United States continues to grow in population size, the impact that the minorities have on the future of America will no longer be a minor one, to say the least. Without any effective action, these minorities will not be able to take advantage of the opportunities that America has to offer. Affirmative action was supposed to be the future of a great America. An America as envisioned by the forefathers who declare that no person shall be denied the right to life, liberty or property just on the basis of the color of his skin.Any effective action, such as taking an active role by applying to Historically Black Colleges and Universities , with regard to improving society should not be about segregating people or creating a different class. It should instead focus on creating opportunities for those who have none and building relationships that will ensure that America can remains as the great country that it has been and is for ages to come. It is said that the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.I am one of those individuals who firmly believe in my dreams and am not afraid to work hard to attain them. I know that I have a long road to travel but I am neither dash nor intimidated by this because I know that I can succeed. I am also confident in the fact that with the experiences that I can gain from this university there is so much more that I can accomplish in life and I look forward to the day that this dream becomes a reality.

Green sustainable supply chain

Green sustain adequate preparation graspEnvironmental changes across the world have generated a movement to mention the causes of spheric warming and develop final results to end it before it is too late. In an effort to achive this, many countries be creating laws and regulations with the specific aim to expurgate speed of light emissions and nursery gas effect.The truth is that environmental change is upon us. Not only do we have climate problems but we are as well dealing with a mental imagery depletion issue. With economies analogous India and China growing at double digit rates, the population of the world continues to grow creating shortages of many re stems that we use to take for granted. Many consumers, stakeholders and businesses are suitable much involved in the growing dark- ballpark movement. Influenced by customer loyalty shifting towards environment all in ally friendly harvest-tides, businesses are trying to a greater extent and more to make their con tribute chains unripeneder by introducing sustainability strategies through come in their organizations and supplier relationships. The recent focalisation on sustainability has resulted in a growing need for integrating environmentally safe choices into add on chain focal point practices.The concept Green Sustainable Supply Chain Management GSCM can be defined as the regale of using environmentally friendly in bewilders and transforming them through change agents into out puzzles that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their lifecycle therefore, creating a sustainable append chain. The whole melodic theme of a sustainable supply chain is to reduce costs while helping the environment. 2. Sustainability and ProfitabilityA Green Sustainable Supply Chain integrates bionomic factors and supply chain management principles to identify the environmental impact of an organizations supply chain processes. Businesses are becoming aware of the importance of this integration to enable a sustainable business strategy. Many are now seeking out solutions and guidance on how to implement a sustainable supply chain. A sustainable supply chain should not be only optimal for the organization, but also optimal in terms of a limited environmental impact.The sustainable supply chain is no longer exclusively almost green issues, but also about generating efficiencies and cost containment. As organizations restructure to reduce their beau mondes environmental footprint, supply chains have become a key area of focus.Many people think that being environmentally friendly increases costs. In the past, intimately of the companies were focused on cut back unit costs. Only later, many companies could do the change and look instead at total landed costs with the on-set of global trade. Some companies also started looking at the usage costs with a piece of equipment- total cost of ownership TCO. Sustainability is a tremendous weapon for companies to reduce their costs. The re are many facets of the supply chain that could be improved by looking at it from a sustainability point of view. The consulting firm A.T. Kearney released an analysis of businesses submitting randomness to the cytosine Disclosure Project that finds more than half of them along with 25 percent of their suppliers are generating cost savings as a result of adopting sustainable supply practices. It is a study action because they believed that at least half of the carbon emissions attributable to some global companies are generated in their supply chains.The Carbon Disclosure Project 2011 Supply Chain Report, which covers 57 global companies and more than a thousand of their supply chain partners, shows that 86 percent of those companies derived value out of addressing their supply chain processes as part of a corporeal sustainability initiative.PepsiCo. Is a very good example of this, A.T. Kearney reports that the smart set saved more than $60 trillion in nix -16% reduction per-unit across its beverage plants as the result of managing the carbon associated to those activities. Walter Todd, the vice president of operations for PepsiCo UK and Ireland, where many of these savings took place, saysWith a hardy strategy and proven benchmarks in place, PepsiCo set out to engage and educate suppliers about potential opportunities to innovate their own operations. By providing suppliers access to the same energy assessment tools we use in our own operations, weve seen a mutual return on investment.Pepsi-Co also saved some $44 million by teddy from corrugated to reusable plastic shipping containers for bottles.Other major companies have also reported significant savings thanks to a sustainable supply chain strategy Dell is saving over $20 million annually as a result of packaging improvements. They achieved its goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2008.One of Sherwin-Williams facilities reduced disposal costs from $95,000 to around $39,150 in less than two ye ars through source reduction, refurbishment of coat containers, and recovery of fiber and steel.Texas Instruments is saving $8 million per year by reducing its transit packaging budget for semiconductor business by implementing source reduction, recycling and reusable packaging systems.Raymour Flanigan Furniture has saved more than 15 million pounds of liquidate after renovating a building to serve as a recycling center, now they have the capacity to prepare methamphetamine polystyrene, plastic film, and cardboard for market. Commonwealth Edison generated $50 million in financial benefits from managing materials and equipment by taking a lifecycle management approach to production management.Dow Corning saved $2.3 million by using reconditioned steel drums in 1995 and conserved 7.8 million pounds of steel.It is interesting to notice how some(prenominal) companies have developed new revenue sources on the waste they used to throw out. If a sustainable supply chain can be develo ped, coin can be saved by not having to dispose harmful by-products, reduce of obsolescence, decrease the spent on scrap and resources spent on complying its restrictive issues. Another key issue that sustainable companies are focusing on is the logistics and transportation of the product. A simple action such as filling the trucks as full as possible can play significant savings Dell has increased its average truck load and worked with UPS to optimize delivery strategies. international company 3M has developed an innovative system to install adjustable decks in trucks. By placing pallets on two levels they were able to reduce the number of daily truckloads by 40% and save around $110 k per year.Sustainability can be profitable. Improvements in transportation susceptibility, operations, raw material selection and packaging are all in the top of the list of green sustainable supply chain initiatives.3. Sustainability as a competitive goodGreener supply chain management practic es represent a competitive advantage thanks to the increasing customer awareness and regulatory norms. Across industries, there is also a shift in the focus of GSCM programs from compliance to creating value for customers and shareholders. The implementation of Green Supply Chain initiatives has evolved from strictly a compliance issue into a means of generating value.The following table shows how to bring about value out of traditional cost compliance, including environmental, safety and health business contributions.More and more companies are using sustainability as a competitive advantage to grow market share within their industry. A green supply chain usually pushes the organization towards an improvement of their products, processes, quality and productivity. It can also be considered as an enabler for innovative decisions and brand differentiation improvement. GE now has an Ecomagination program focused on growing their revenue stream from environmentally friendly products t o around 20 billion dollars by 2011. They recognized the opportunity associated with saving the environment. Nowadays many companies are offering customers environmentally produced power and charging a premium for that offering. The green initiatives also help a company to maintain and enlarge their customer portfolio. Environmental concern and social responsibility are now considered as an measurable part of a succesful business strategy.All competitors are under same market force to change their direction and priority towards a more green initiative, therefore, efforts and investments on this area are becoming more and more important. In addition, more countries will enforce importers to import green products to their nations with tax incentives and this will trigger off the chances to do global business.In the same direction, new product ripening should not be only the responsibility of product design and engineering surgical incision it should also include the fully team-work among marketing, engineering, procurement, logistics and materials operations in order to find the outmatch solutions, like how to ship the products effectively, how to run across that processes will not generate uncivilised wastes and emissions to the environment, what green components can be purchased, what is the optimal packaging size and re-cycle materials to pack each prodcut, etc. In brief, companies have to consider the new product development process as part of the green supply chain strategy.The development, implementation and commitment of green supply strategy are not only to finish the customer needs but also to meet general publics expectations to improve and enhance the role in social responsibility and environmental concerns. In exchange, the company will puddle sustainable competitive advantage in the industry.4. Sustainability and Suppliers ManagementOne of the bigger issues facing companies these days is the actions of suppliers. Companies today are being he ld responsible for environmental or social problems created by their suppliers.Corporate buying practices can impact suppliers ability to improve their business conduct. Pressure on cost and efficiency can force suppliers to contravene some of their own standards in order to meet their customers commercial requirements. entirely as the opposite effect, companies can use their buying power to help install best practices in small and medium-sized companies.In fact, the companies that engage their suppliers around these issues constitute one of the most important drivers for spreading corporate green and sustainable principles around the world. Collaboration is the key.Many companies are performing environmental audits or implementing rules of conduct to check the actions of their suppliers. The most successful green efforts in supply chains are based on the creation of value by sharing with suppliers and subcontractors the intelligence and know-how about environmental and acclivito us regulatory issues and emerging technologies. Suppliers and customers can strengthen each others performance, share cost of ownership and social license to operate and create a reciprocal value. Supply chain sustainability mustiness be driven by the originating manufacturers that rely on deep tiers of suppliers and vendors for their products.The reported supplier human rights and environmental violations done by Apples suppliers, is an example of the argufys that suppliers face in managing or influencing these issues on the ground. Apple recently did the right thing by transparently releasing its Apple Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, which underscored just how dispute and difficult multi-tiered supply chain management can be.GE and other multi-national companies- including Wal-Mart, Honeywell, Citibank and SABIC Innovative Plastics- have partnered to create the EHS Academy in Guangdong Chinese province. The objective of this non-profit take chances is to create a better trained and capable workforce of environmental, health and safety professionals and give them the management, implementation and technical knowledge to be able to proactively ensure that real performance is sustainable and integrated fully into the overall business strategy and operating system of a company. Chinese regulatory agencies are also invited to participate as well. The model that GE is using in China offers a positive example of collaborative innovation.One of the main difficulties is the enforcing of supplier sustainability, spceially in growing economies like China or India. Only a small percentage of suppliers meet the requirements in the codes of conduct- including worker compensation and environmental requirements- of major multinational companies. There are still major challenges related to wages, working hours, overtime compensation, lack of unions and social insurance. One factor contributing to the difficulties is the high presence and mobility of migrat ory workers.5. Green SCOR modelGreen SCOR incorporated within the SCOR framework can provide immense help by offering information on best practices, waste disposal process and metrics to increase the success of Green SCOR initiatives. It also provides environmental metrics that can be included in the calculations for optimizing the supply chain. GreenSCOR focuses on the impacts of SCM in each stage of the product life cycle.GreenSCOR integrates best practices and metrics into the entire supply chain planning process. It also enables a arrogant study of the supply chain to unearth opportunities for making the supply chain greener.Best practices include collaborating with partners on environmental issues, reducing fuel and energy habit and minimizing and reusing packaging.It also includes the metrics to total the effects of greening, including carbon and the environmental footprint, emission costs per unit, energy costs as a percent of production costs, waste produced as a percent of production and returned products disposed of versus remanufactured. Processes to address waste management, such as how to collect and manage waste produced during production and testing (including scrap and non-conforming product).It also enables more efficient use of resources and increases the visibility of financial and operations benefits of supply chain practices. Lastly, the metrics can be effectively used to supervise the progress an organization is making towards a green supply chain. By implementing this model a company increases the chance of success of any green initiative. 6. Challenges when implementing a GSCContrary to what many people could think, making a business sustainability operational within a supply chain is becoming easier, not harder. There is more information available from procurement managers, environmental directors, design engineers, marketing, communication staff and operations managers- among others- and this deffinitely makes a difference when a supply chain decides to go green. But still big challenges like the lack of information about the green supply chain practices and the lack of tools to optimize the supply chain with environmental management makes the implementation less easy.With the trend of global sourcing tracking the carbon footprint of finished products can be difficult however, new initiatives have emerged for adopting the practice of requesting a carbon footprint from suppliers.Barriers to global trade because of the increasing environmental regulations, more restrictions on hazardous substances, bigger emphasis on lean manufacturing and increased supplier auditing and verification are creating the critical road toward new supply chain management expectations. The seek for efficiencies in supply chain management and producing products while reducing waste is a vital imperative in a recovering economy. Shareholder value, company valuations and possible mergers and acquisitions are affected by supply chain sus tainability. This impacts cash management and liquidity, for example, carbon-intensive sectors may see an increase in the cost of capital. The World Resources Institute is working on the new supply chain and product lifecycle greenhouse gas protocols that will frame the new expectations of value chain sustainability accounting and coverage. Increased attention will be paid on skirmish minerals, fair labor and other social aspects of sustainability, management of hazardous substances in toys and other consumer products. It is acknowledged by all organizations that the needs of the community are as important as those of other traditional stakeholders. Larger companies are identifying the critical supply chain partners that have the greatest product impact and collaboratively address the environmental and social footprint of their products through the value chain. Consumers will play a leading role behind greater supply chain collaboration. Consumer awareness about sustainability dem ands a more CO2-friendly supply of products and services.Other main challenge is in monitoring sub-supplier sustainability, this has become a tough task for companies with complex global supply chains.It is the responsibility of the direct suppliers to ensure that their sub-suppliers acknowledge, understand and accept the companies sustainable requirements. However, when a supply chain is long and complex, ensuring compliance at many thousands of sub-suppliers represents a major challenge.The future of sustainability will inevitably include the sustainability of entire supply chains, not just direct suppliersOne example of this recently has been Dells use of bamboo in its packaging. The company worked to secure Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for its entire bamboo supply chain, from forest to manufacturing. The packaging is still a small percentage of Dells overall packaging needs, but it is a start.Another example could be IKEA, according to their sustainability annu al report, the company is moving in the right direction. Although the company they fell short of its goal of having 30% of its upstanding wood sourced from verified responsibly managed forests, they are working actively to increase the number, especially in China and Russia. The company has a team of nine forestry specialists who are dedicated to the two countries and is working towards certifying forests which are closer to the production facilities of IKEAs suppliers. IKEA has the goal of having 35% of its solid wood sourced from certified forests by 2012.If companies are not able to manage product compliance such as regulatory norms, they can suffer business interruptions such as product redesigns, delayed market launches, product returns and recalls. Therefore, effective lifecycle management is a key differentiator for short-term as well as long-term to get an advantage and stable position in the market.Suuply chain intercommunicate and logistics optimization is also key when implementing a GSC, inefficient transportation methods represent a significant part of the ecological problem. It has been illustrated by a recent report that found that as much as 75 per cent of a companys carbon footprint comes from transportation and logistics alone.Transportation management includes load integrating and route planning to drive cost savings and reduction of environmental impact. Another important challenge is related to establish a reverse logistics network that supports life cycle design and demanufacturing processes. Producers are required to meet specific targets for material recycling and recovery, relative to the total amount of packaging that they have put into the marketplace. This helps to shift the responsibility for collecting packaging and end of life products from local government to producers. Reverse logistics manages the handling and disposition of returned goods, improving a companys ability to put returned goods back on the market. Companies imp lementing reverse logistics processes can dramatically reduce the waste going into landfills and increase opportunities to reintroduce products to market. Xerox implemented a reverse logistics solution and achieved huge financial benefits of equipment remanufactured and parts reuse amounting representing over $100 million and reduced the waste from landfills.Another important point is the ability to simulate the capricious events in the supply chain network flow and evaluate the supply network design frequently. Companies need to work esigning optimum supply chain networks for sustainability incorporating criteria like fuel usage and carbon emissions. Process optimization is another challenge companies should improve the synchronization of production with customer demand and supplier capacity. The main areas of green manufacturing are reduction in energy, water consumption, waste and emissions that are part of manufacturing processes.And the last challenge I will include is the gre en reporting, measuring and reporting the environmental impact is the first step towards reducing them. There are direct benefits to organizations from measuring and reporting as because it gives a better understanding of the risks and exposure. Globally, sustainability and environmental reporting are becoming one of the most important management concerns due to increasing pressures of legislation as well as other initiatives. The challenge remains to quantify and report the emission and environmental footprints. It can be a time consuming and costly process that requires extraction of data from duple systems and manipulating it to arrive at required reports.7. Findings and conclusionsEconomic activity has an impact on the environment and the society industries need to conmsider this into their business operations and costs. It is becoming critical to measure and manage the environmental and social impact of activities and procesess across the supply chain. Green practices and a su stainable supply chain have become a prerequisite due to both regulatory obligations and economic benefits, yes a green supply chain can help a company to discover hidden sources of profitability.increasingly the companies are giving more importance to sustainability to promote loyalty of customers, who are getting more aware about the socio-ecological implications of businesses. A green sustainable supply chain enables business to improve products, process and supply quality and productivity. It also pushes the company to make innovative decisions that respond to green economy requirements, by doing this, companies gain access to key markets through diverse certifications.By using a model such as GreenSCOR incorporated in SCOR version 9, the chances of success in any green initiatives increases.Some key success factors and reccomendations in the implementation of a green sustainable supply chain were identified Stakeholders should be actively engaged in the sustainability strateg ies of the business. Green initiatives should be aligned with the strategic objectives of the company. GSCM Best Practices should be adopted when implementing a green supply chain. Technology and models such as SCOR should be used to enable the green initiatives. The company should boost its responsiveness to the expectations of the consumer. Green practices should be designed for minimal environmental impact, focussing the efforts to reduce packaging and in-transit damage when shipping. Planning and inventory management should pay special attention to reducing inventory and identifying optimal distribution solutions. Transportation solutions should be improved by collaboration. Procurement departments should perform lifecycle analysis for choosing products or solutions to minimize environmental impact. Suppliers relationship management should include the regular monitoring of suppliers and sub-suppliers sustainability. Benefits should be extended to the local community, as starting point.

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case Study

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case StudyABSTRACTCentral big mobile phone granuloma (CGCG) is an intraosseous lesion which occurs as an uncommon benign condition in jaws. WHO defines this intraosseous lesions as a lesion that contains multiple foci of haemorrhage, consisting of cellular fibrous tissue and there is trabeculae of woven bone. It whitethorn become aggressive leading to magnification and perforation of the cortex. Mobility and displacement of the involved teeth and root resorption be often observed. Here is a case traverse of an 18 year old female patient who is diagnosed with an aggressive type of CGCG.KEYWORDSCentral gargantuan cell granuloma, granuloma, lusus naturae cell granuloma, giant cell lesions. creationCentral giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giants cells that almost exclusively occurs within the jaw. It commonly occurs in young adults showing a female predilection.1 CGCG seldom occurs in areas elsewhere separate than the jaws, like maxillary sinus, temporal bone, cranial vault and other bones of the craniofacial complex.2 It was thought that CGCG is a reparative lesion as it develops in repartee to intrabony hemorrhage and inflammation secondary to damage. However, it can be considered as an aggressive lesion because of its aggressive behaviour as seen in the present case.Case reportA 18 year old female patient, presented with a painful swelling over the lower b coiffe of mandible of 3 months duration. The patient had a account statement of trauma 6 months back with fractured 31. On extra oral examination, gross asymmetry of face was seen with a diffuse swelling of approximately 34 cm size on chin. Lymph nodes were not palpable. Local examination revealed a diffuse swelling extending mentolabial sulcus, inferiorly below the lower border of mandible and antero-posteriorly extending from the midline to the level of turning point of mouth both side extending 1.5cm size . Colour over the surface appeared normal no ulceration or discharge from the swelling was seen. Surface of the swelling was smooth, dead body was hard. The swelling was non fluctuant No rise in temperature, no pulsations were felt. The swelling was tender on palpation. On intraoral examination, tenderness on palpation was evident in affinity to left mandibular canine and first premolar. No lingual expansion.establish on the history given by the patient and the clinical examination, a conditional diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst in relation to anterior lower border of mandible was given. However, radiographic examination was suggested to confirm the provisional diagnosis.Orthopantomographs demonstrate normal anatomic hard tissue structures with a diffuse radiolucency seen in the mandibular anterior region crossing the midline , measuring approximately 3 cm x 3.5 cm, extending medio-laterally from 34 to 44 and supero-inferiorly from the apex of mandibular anterior extending to 1 .5 cm below the level of inferior border of mandible suggestive of expansion of inferior border of mandible with sclerotic border on superior aspect and no sclerotic border inferiorly. Based on the clinical and the radiographic examination, differential diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, osteosarcoma and central giant cell granuloma were considered.Histopathological evaluation of the excisional biopsy specimen showed the presence of connective stroma containing numerous young fibroblasts as well as multinucleated giant cells. Trabeculae of osteoid and woven bone were too seen in the periphery. Numerous extravasated RBCs were present within the connective tissue stoma. These findings are suggestive of CGCG, but in order to differentiate this from brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, we carried out blood investigation, to find the serum calcium, serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels, which are constitute within normal limits. Based on the above histologica l and investigational findings, a diagnosis of CGCG was given.DiscussionCentral giant cell granuloma is a benign intraosseous lesion of the jaws. Jaffe in the year 1953, described this intraosseous lesion as central giant cell reparative granuloma.1 Since there is not reparative work out, the name reparative giant cell granuloma was denominated. The etiology and pathogenesis of CGCG is unknown, but the granulomatous process is induced by an exacerbated reparative process due to trauma and haemorrhage.3 Giant cell granuloma is considered as a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells that occurs almost exclusively within the jaws. It is seen in all age groups ranging from 2 to 80 years, but more than 60% of the cases occurs under the age of 30 years.5 Although Sex distribution varies in different reviews, CGCG show female predilection with a prevalence of almost twice that of males.4 It commonly occurs in mandible ,anterior to the first molar ,often crossin g the midline. It occurs in the short tubular bones of hands and feet and also in the other bones of facial skeleton and cranial vault but rarely occurs in craniofacial bones. 6 It may be peripheral or central. The peripheral lesions occur as pedunculated or sessile lesions where the central lesion is endosteal. Females, children and young adults have more predilection since the female male ratio is 21.7, 8 The main etiological factor for this lesion is trauma. The lesion progresses by accumulation of tissue which due to slow and continuous haemorrhage of multicentric nature as a result of trauma and defect in the capillaries. 9Though the CGCG is a benign lesion, it occurs as aggressive and non-aggressive types. The aggressive type shows painful and rapid growth occurs in young patients and often involves cortical perforation and root resorption and may recur. The non-aggressive type is of slow growing, asymptomatic, without any resorption or perforation of the involved teeth and i t never recurs.10The signs of CGCG are a painless swelling, which causes facial asymmetry, where the radiological investigations reveals that there is unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, which is well or ill-defined with variable expansion along with destruction of cortical plate. Since the radiological sort of this lesion is not pathognomonic, it is usually confused with the other lesions of the jaws. But the final diagnosis is based on its histopathology, though the clinical and radiological features are not specific.11Histopathological features reveal that it is comprised of dense proliferation of oval or spindle shaped cells with varying number of multinucleated giant cells containing 20 nuclei. There is a deposition of hemosiderin, extravasted RBCs, foci of osteoid material dystrophic calcification most the periphery of the lesion.12Though multinucleated giant cells are in more in number, they cannot be considered as proliferative cells, since the macrophages, mesenchyma l cells and fibroblasts are accountable for the growth of the lesion. Hence these cells release cytokines that puddle the proliferation and recruitment of blood monocytes to become osteoclast like cells.13 The multinucleated giant cells may be large or small in number and they may be guerrilla or round cells that contains more than twenty nuclei which are responsible for bone resorption and local progression of lesion.14 The giant cells containing more nuclei and dese cellular stroma are found to be more aggressive and may relapse after surgical treatment.13Some studies reveal a significant difference in the number of giant cells in aggressive and non-aggressive lesions where other studies reveal only few differences in the cell size in histomorphic analysis. Some of them found that the aggressive lesions show the higher(prenominal) number of giant cells with more irregular shape, where the giant cells are larger. There is a an increase in the mitotic activity along with a differe nce in histomorphic analysis which indicates increase in the fusion of resident macrophages and recruitment of monocytes and also there is higher metabolic activity of multinucleated giant cells that shows an aggressive clinical behavior.15 agree to the differential diagnosis of the central giant cell granuloma , based on radiological investigation, being a small unilocular lesions it may be confused with granulomas and periapical cyst and the large multilocular lesions it may be ameloblastoma or lesions the resemble PGCL ,aneurysmal bone cyst, central odontogenic fibroma, brown tumor of hyperthyroidism, giant cell tumor.The CGCG and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism resembles each other histologically, in having an intense endogenous brownish pigmentation of hemosiderin. The additional test that help in diagnosis are serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels which are normal in CGCG, but increased in brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism.The CGCG usually occurs in both maxilla and mandible but the giant cell tumour more commonly occurs in the epiphyses of long bones. But both the lesions appear as osteolytic defects radiographically but can be differentiated histologically. Evidence reveals that the giant cells are larger, numerous and more round in giant cell tumor in CGCG, with a higher number of nuclei and eventually dispersed. There is few foci of osteoid material, areas of haemorrhage and there is deposition of hemosiderin and fibrosis and the stroma contains large and oval cells.The aneurysmal bone cyst can be differentiated from CGCG in having a network of multiple cystic cavities fill with blood within thin walls.Depending on the clinical and radiographic findings, if there is a well-defined lesion, curettage can be done where there is low recurrence, but if it is extensive lesion with perforated cortex, the radical excision is mandatory. Sometimes even partial maxillectomy or mandibulectomy and jaw reconstruction plates or placement of bone grafts can be done.ConclusionBased on the clinical, radiological, histopathological features, it is considered as an aggressive variant of CGCG, which is rare in occurrence. More clarification is compulsory regarding the pathogenesis and nature of giant cell lesions.

Tax on Negative Externality

Tax on Negative ExternalityIn the free trade nowadays, each(prenominal)ocating the scarce of resource and allow the market to forces supply and want to set termss is the very view of the government activity. Therefore, protect property right, maintain the value of the currency had become the role of the government. Improvements in allocative, dynamic talent and productive be often deliver by the competitive markets. The erosions for policy intervention be mainly to correct for market failure, attain a much equit up to(p) distribution of income and wealth to enhance the achievement of the economy. There ar many methods the intervention depose take place. For example are the laws on minimal age for buying cigarettes and alcohol. The government appointed utility regulators who whitethorn levied appraiseation on indisputable goods.Per- whole of measurement levy revenueation can be defined as a fixed amount for each unit of good and service sold. Per-unit revenue enhance mentes are often imposed on precise goods, services or markets such as non-alcoholic boozings, gasoline, alcohol and cigarettes for particular reasons. An ordinary reason is to advocate the allocation effect. This means that the government discourage the production, consumption or exchange of the specific merchandise.Non-alcoholic beverages, gasoline, alcohol and cigarettes are to a fault kn testify as call off tax. impress tax can be deliberate as an indirect form of taxation. This is because the government indirectly don the tax to the consumer. This tax is normally passed on the consumer as the normal cost of doing business. For example, if a bottle of wine costs $10. It may have a specific fret tax imposed onto it which is $2. This additional cost of the wine would be levied onto the consumer, making the market price to be at $12 for per bottle of wine. governing body imposed a tax onto it is because alcohol is bad for our health. Therefore, a tax levied onto it may reduc e the consumption of somewhat consumer.Taxes are kind of a earthshaking sources of revenue for government. On the other hand, taxes would decrease the supply curve and demand curve in the market because vendors obtain less revenue for their product and buyers would get hold of to pay a higher price for the goods they want. Occasionally, government provide try to reduce the burden of the tax for sellers and buyers due to a high exes for sellers or buyers if the government set the tax for only one of them. For example, the federal government does with the payroll tax. The government require both of the labors and firms to pay half of the taxes.The rationale behind wherefore governments would want to impose a per-unit tax on buyer or seller of certain goods. Firstly, lets say somewhat excise taxation. Excise is a taxation which is applyd to a narrow base of goods and services which are seen to have harm associated with their expenditure, such as tobacco, alcohol, fuel, motor ve hicles, and in some other countries to wider the range of products. For example soft drinks, coffee and tea.Government use such goods taxes to achieve multiple objectives. And also excise tax are utilise by government to generate revenues. For the most common example, tobacco, government impose three types of tax on tobacco. One of the types is excise tax. part government enforce a wide diversity of taxes on tobacco products, it is the unique taxes to tobacco products called tobacco excise taxes that straight out effects the comparative prices of tobacco products. Therefore, it has an radical image on tobacco use. As evidence, governments using a higher tobacco taxes as a means to discourage its use after it has assembled about the health and economic consequences. Historically the elementary objective of tobacco taxes has been revenue generation.Further more, non-alcoholic beverage is also one of the common example for governments would want to impose taxes on this goods such as sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB). The rate of the sugar-sweetened beverage among adults and children are constantly increasing in United States. Take more sugar-sweetened beverage could cause touchwood disease, diabetes, obesity and also dental decay.To raise the obesity prevention and to reduce the ingestion of sugar-sweetened beverage in United States, the American Public Health sleeper should have to support the government and federal in impose an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage and it would raise the price of all the sugar-sweetened beverage in the States. After a research, it shown that sugar-sweetened beverage are price elastic. It is probable that if government raise the beverage price by 10% would decrease the intake of sugar-sweetened beverage by 10% as well.However, reduce in intaking of sugar-sweetened beverage, tobacco, alcohol and others unhealthy products is likely only if the consumer aware of the prices adjoins before they pay. So government are preferabl e able to impose excise tax than a sales tax. An excise tax are impose on the beverage manufacturing which will straight away pass the cost to customers so that they would aware of the price increases.Excise taxes is a kind of taxes on particular products only. This elastic demand pushed the tax burden on the sellers instead of buyers. Nevertheless, in that respect are some goods which demand is inelastic because in that location are no good that is close substitutes, such as alcohol and tobacco. In conclusion of excise tax, the tax burden for his few goods falls more on the buyers than the sellers.Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness of measuring demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants. legal injury elasticity of Demand is a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded towards changes in price. Many products are opened to taxes. For example, goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and fuel.Here we see the consequences of indirect taxes on costs and the significant of price elasticity of demand in that determines the effects of a tax on price and quantity.Tax increases the costs of a business causing the supply curve to shift left or decreases. The distance between the current supply curve and the after tax supply curve shows the per unit tax. With an indirect tax, the supplier can pass on some or all of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price of the good. This depends on the elasticity of demand and supply and it is known as shifting the burden of the tax and In the diagram on the left, the demand curve shows that the price is elastic. This makes the producer bear more of the tax burden. When the demand is elastic, the effect of tax is to raise the price however there will be a big reduction in equilibrium quantity. The quantity decreases from Q1 to Q2 as shown in the diagram in the left. In the diagram on the right, the demand curve shows that the price is inelastic. Price elastic demand is more than one in most pa rts of the demand curve. The producer is then able to pass on most of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price without losing too much sales because when a good is inelastic, the consumer still has to buy although the price increases. This is shown in the diagram on the right when price increases by a lot, the quantity demanded only decreases by a little.Price elasticity of Demand, in gang with Price elasticity of Supply, can be used to find the incidence or burden of a per-unit tax is falling or to foresee where it will fall if the tax is levied. For example, when demand is perfectly inelastic, that means that consumers need the good and that the good is a necessity, so the quantity demanded remains consistent. Suppliers usually will increase the price by the full amount of the tax, and then the consumer will bare the full amount of tax. But when demand is perfectly elastic, that means there are other substitutes for the consumer or they can buy it cheaper somewhere else, t his causes consumers to stop buying the good or service in question completely. Therefore, firms cannot pass the tax at all by raising prices, so they will have to pay for the tax themselves.In conclusion, many products are subject to taxes. With an indirect tax, the supplier can shift the burden of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price of the good. When the price is elastic the producer will bear more of the tax burden. When the price is inelastic. Price elastic demand is more than one in most parts of the demand curve. The producer can pass on most of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price without losing too much sales because when a good is inelastic, the consumer still has to buy although the price increases. We now know that price elasticity of demand can be used to find the incidence or burden of a per-unit tax is falling or to predict where it will fall if there is tax.There are different kind of tax charge is different country but there do have some simila r gather. As we should know, no one lives in isolation, tax benefit to everyone do not matter to the size of income. In Malaysia, more than 20 million car and citizen and benefit the travel on a usual highway as some of the tax collected was use for road built, local road fund, maintained and more. Beside public used by citizen, New Mexico government provide precept by using tax collected. Children in New Mexico benefit more than 47% which get a line public school. The cause of government in New Mexico by giving such amount of tax on education is because it benefit the country in the future with more educated person. Besides that, student which attend college and university in New Mexico benefit 17% of the tax collected to suspensor decreasing unemployment in the future by providing college graduates qualify for a job or even a better job. Children in Malaysia do have the same benefit on attend public school with free charge of education.Besides that, many people pay insurance o r security for safety on their own as safety is very important to everyone. Therefore, citizen in New Mexico had an advantage by benefit another 7% of the tax collected provided fund legal philosophy and other law-enforcement units. Some health support come from the text collected as the government in New Mexico gave 20% of the tax collected to help families through work of the Department of Health and human Service. Therefore, citizen have more than the benefit to build up a better future for the country as finally, 40% share of the gross receipts taxes collected by the state and distributed to local and country governments.Tax increase reduces the quantity trade and some of the gains from trade. While taxes increasing, price of buyer increase and the price to the seller falls cause the consumer surplus and producer surplus (profit) falls. Besides that, in the supply and demand theory, per unit tax does not matter much because buyer cares only the total price paid which is the amou nts of supplier gets plus tax and the sellers cares more of the net to supplier which is price of buyer paid minus tax.Furthermore, tax reduce the quantity traded and some of the gains from trade. While the price of buyer rises causes the consumer surplus falls and the price of the seller falls causes the producer surplus (profit) falls. But then the going awayes captured in the form of the tax can be exchange were there no tax while the unit of those units is given by demand, and the marginal cost of the units is given by the supple. These lost gains from trade are known as a deadweight loss. Because of the tax interference in the market is the buyers values minus the sellers costs of units that cannot be trade in economic.Loss to society were represents to show the important of deadweight loss. In the thought can be view as an opportunity cost of taxation, money collect from people to obtain a dollar tax revenue actually costs society more than a dollar. The costs of the raisin g tax revenues include the money raise, tax collectors and government agencies to administer tax collection and deadweight loss are the example of direct cost of collection which create the incentive effect of taxes and decrease the gain of trade.The concept of effective need to be discussed in the situation of what the tax is trying to accomplish in terms of government policy. For example, in the situation of non-alcoholic beverages, it can be expected that objectives of a discriminatory tax on this products would be to raise revenue or externalize perceived harm from consumption, or both.The term of discriminatory taxation, such as excise on non-alcoholic beverages, most of it in sweetened drinks has been subject of much debate in recent years. Taxes on such products have been imposed or expel, and in certain countries are being considered. As discriminatory taxation, an excise impose on sweetened soft drinks may raise tax revenues from this single category of products. It may als o operate to change the consumptions of the product through the consequential growth in its price.Secondly, government impose three types of tax on tobacco. One of the types is excise tax. It is a good source of revenue and the dominant opinion is that people who smoke should be responsible for paying the costs that their use imposes on society. kind being need not tobacco for survival. The reason government levied excise tax on tobacco because it can raise the revenue for government and agree smoker from buying cigarettes. Higher taxes are useful in reducing the use in tobacco among the youth and lowers income groups. However, it has an extreme control on tobacco use. As evidence, governments have increasingly using a higher tobacco taxes as a means to discourage its use.A per unit tax often imposed taxes on a specific markets or goods. There are few types of taxes in economies. The most common per unit tax is excise tax which are usually imposed on those goods and services that seen to be have harmful associate. As the example above, tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverage are encourage to levy excise taxation. Furthermore, the price elasticity of demand measure a responsiveness of quantity demanded to change in price of the good. That means, when the prices are elastic, the more burden would goes to producer and also when the prices are inelastic, consumer will bear more of the burden. Moreover, there are few benefits such as citizen can enjoy education by using tax collected in Mexico. New Mexico government provide some collected tax to help families. Other than benefits there is also some drawbacks of per unit tax which are tax could reduce the quantity traded and there will be a deadweight loss occur. Lastly, the theory signified that the excise taxation structure will have an important consequences on government to accomplish multiple objectives.

Prisoners of War During WWII Essay -- World War II

Wars have essentially been the backb wholeness of history. A fight can tiller or break a country. As the result of war, a country can lose or gain territory and a war now impacts a countries economy. When we learn about wars in schools we usually are taught about when they start, major events/ battles, and when they end. It would take a year or two to cover one war if we were to learn about everything. One thing that is commonly overlooked and we take for granted, is prisoners of war. Most people think of concentration camps and the millions of Jews that suffered when prisoners and war are mentioned in the same sentence. Yes it is terrible what happened during WWII, but what about our troops that were captured and potentially tortured trying to save the Jews? How did they suffer? Being captured as a prisoner of war is just an on the job hazard. In this paper I will explain what POWs went through and how it has changes between countries, and I will only scratch the surface. victor ious prisoners of war have been a battle tactic for ages. Capturing an enemy troop could be done for many reasons. Mainly enemy soldiers are captured to be interrogated for unfathomable information on the enemy. There were usually common rules and procedures for taking a prisoner of war, weather they were followed or not was really up to the country. Come 1929, thither was a document in the works that set rules regarding prisoners of war. More than 40 countries got together to sign and agree on these new set of rules (Life 11). The sign of the Geneva Convention was held in Geneva, Switzerland.This document of ninety-seven articles defined a prisoner of war as a member of a regular multitude unit, wearing a uniform (thus spies were excluded). The Convention decl... ... Red Cross and learning the facts about the brutality, General Eisenhower stopped sending POWs to the French. (Tarczal)Works CitedBowman, Michael. worldly concern War II Prisoner of War Camps - Encyclopedia of Arka nsas. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. .Hutchinson, Daniel. We . . . Are the Most Fortunate of Prisoners The Axis POW Experience at Camp Opelika during World War II. Publication. Alabama Review, 2011. Print. Tarczal, Bela. Hungarian POW in French Captivity. Publication. Trans. Eva B. Bessenyey. Print. World War Two - Japanese Prisoner of War Camps. World War Two. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. .Wukovits, John F. Life as a POW. San Diego, CA Lucent, 2000. Print.

Psychological and Physical Aspects of Drug Abuse in Adolescent Communit

Unfortunately the abuse of illegal drugs is not uncommon in todays adolescent communities. Many teenagers today use illicit drugs as a way to deal with everyday pressures such as school, after(prenominal) school jobs, sports activities, domestic violence and peer pressure. Adolescence has been found to be a period of weakening bonds with parents and strengthening bonds with peers (Flay, 1994). Numerous states have experienced an increase in drug related deaths (http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). More than 1 in 10 of todays youth remote 12-17 were current users of drugs in 1999 (www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). The number of young adults aged 18 to 25 using illicit drugs in 1999 was at a high of 17.1 percent (www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). In this paper I will describe or so of the most popular drugs in todays adolescent communities and why the use of illegal drugs is most common between the ages of 12 through 25. I will also describe what the tell-tale signs are in a person with a drug proble m and how you prat help. Among high school and college students, the drug marihuana is most frequently used in America today. marijuana is a tobacco-like substance that varies in its potency, depending on the source and selection of plant materials used (http//www.well.com). Marijuana is usually smoked in the form of loosely rolled cigarettes called joints, hollowed out commercial cigars called blunts and in water pipes called bongs. Street names for Marijuana include pot, grass, cannabis, weed, bloody shame Jane, Acapulco Gold, dope, and reefer. When Marijuana is smoked, THC goes quickly into the blood through the lungs. It then goes to the brain and this is when the high is felt. This can happen within a few minutes and can last up to five hours. Ther... ...ids and young adults continue to give the axe the dangers that drug abuse may cause. Drug use and its prevention are dependent on the understanding distinctions with in each of the following groups - their norms, message styles, and language (milling machine/Alberts/Hecht/Trost/Krizek, 2000, page 107). If you think that someone you know is addicted to drugs please do not ignore it. There are many websites, counseling centers, and drug rehabilitation programs that can help. We should not continue to ignore the problem, instead we should try to find a solution.BibliographyREFERENCES1.) Miller/Alberts/Hecht/Trost/Krizek (2000). Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use Mahwah, NJ LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS. 2.) Sora, J. (1997) Substance Abuse. The H.W. Wilson Company New York 3.) Torr, J. (1999) Drug Abuse Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press,.Inc .