New Developments in Genetic Cloning :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

New Developments in Genetic Cloning Since genetic cloning is a very all-inclusive topic, the focus of my authorship liesmainly on the new disc overies which might be beneficial to human beings. Thefocus of the first section of the paper is on the divers(a) cloning techniquesgeneticists use nowadays. They techniques included range from the simplest andsuitable for all situations, to complicated and suitable for certain areas. The second section of the paper, the longest section, discusses five ofthe many researches performed over the last five years. The researches arearranged in descending chronological order, dating from February 1997, to April1992. These researches are discussed because they all have one thing in parking areathey may be beneficial to human beings later on. For example, the newest entryin my paper, and perhaps the one that shocked the whole world, was the reportabout the first favored ringer mammal from non-embryonic cells. This will behelpful in the future f or patients waiting for organ transplants. Scientistswill be able to clone a amply functional organ, and replace it with the damagedone. The report on the cloning of the humans morphine receptor is advantageousto us because this helps scientists to develop new analgesics. The third section of the paper contains a brief discussion about theadvantages and the disadvantages of genetic cloning. It speculates how ourfuture will improve due to the technologies we are developing, and also thebiggest drawbacks which might come from it. The last get down of the paper, is the explanation of complicated terms usedin this paper. The terms which will be explained are printed in bold termsthroughout the paper. This section, the glossary, is like the ones whichappears in textbooks.New Developments or Research in Genetic Cloning Genetic cloning is one of the many aspects which has been recentlyintroduced to improve our quality of live. Researchers are laborious to improveour lives everyday apply ing genetic engineering onto our everyday lives. Cowscan be genetically altered to produce more milk, receptors in our body could becloned to improve our health. The techniques and new research reported in thispaper is just one tree out of the whole forest of genetic engineering.Part I Techniques of Genetic Cloning Geneticists use different cloning methods for different purposes. Themethod used to identify human diseases are different than the method used toclone a sheep. The following are used techniques in genetic cloning. Recombinant DNA In recombinant DNA, the desired segment is clipped from the surroundingDNA and copied millions of times.

Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods

Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were time of great emphasis on reason and questioning of faith. The scientists and philosophes of these eras discovered and taught new ideas that often contradicted what the church and former thinkers had taught and believed before them. Most of the intellectual, political, economic, and social characteristics associated with the modern gentleman came into being during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.1 During the Scientific Revolution, people began to question beliefs that they had always taken for granted. Scientists changed peoples views of the world they lived in through discoveries such as the theory of the heliocentric universe. During the Enlightenment, philosophes challenged beliefs formerly held by the church and government by insisting that human reason would lead to the solution of all problems. They be lieved that man should live his life, make his proclaim decisions, and believe what he wanted based on his own experiences and what he believed to be true. These two revolutions lead to a movement away from the church and faith, and towards a belief in more scientific and mathematical explanations for the way things worked. One of the aspects of the Scientific Revolution was the popularization of the belief in a sun-centered universe. Before this time, both(prenominal) Aristotle and Ptolemy supported the theory that the earth was the center of the universe and that the stars and planets revolved around it. Also, the realm of God was believed to lie just outside of this universe. This was known as the geocentric theory and the Catholic Church also cockeyedly supported... ...s or herself. The former influence that faith and the church had on everyday life was questioned during these eras and a strong turning from former beliefs was widely evident as the thinkers of this time propo sed new ideas on logic and reason. 1 Perry M. Rogers, ed. Aspects of westbound Civilization Problems and Sources in History (Upper commit River, N.J., Prentice Hall, 1998) 3. 2 Rogers. Aspects of Hesperian Civilization 11. 3 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 12. 4 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 14. 5 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 9. 6 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 16. 7 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 3. 8 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 4. 9 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 29. 10 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 31. 11 Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization 35.

Economic Theories Applied to the New Economy Essay -- Sony Economics B

Economic Theories Applied to the New EconomyDiscuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Markets indorser can be applied to the New Economy. (50 marks)A) Discuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Markets Reader can be applied to the New Economy. (50 marks)In this question, I will define the old and new Economy, then I will reboot the main characters of New Economy and what is differentbetween new and old Economy. After that, I will discuss the role ofknowledge, innovation, and individual creative and warlike as theprimary re address needed to create economic wealth. Then, I willdiscuss Innovation reduce costs and improve product lumber and howadvances technology achieve the cost reduction and reserve theeconomic scale in good level. finally I will Study the Economictheories in marketplace reader, clearifing how it could use and ably in thenew economy.It may be helpful to describe the old economy before I talk almostthe new economy. From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built ona manufacturing base geared toward standardized production (It wasmanual labor) (1). It was organized into st fit, hierarchical andgenerally authoritarian organizations. These organizations achieved acompetitive edge in the market by making standardized products fasterand more economically. They focused on incremental cost reductions anda national marketplace. This is how success and prosperity wereachieved in most courtiers, examples of type of organization could befound in textile and steel mills.This economic order began jailbreak down between the mid-1970s and theearly 1990s. The crisis included both textiles and steel in a periodof transition from the old economic order to the new one. a lot ofcountries loss their competitive edge because other countries weremaking things faster and cheaper. The cheap labor which had broughtindustries to the South was being very cheap. At the same time,workers likewise began wanting a higher standard of livin g, wanting cars,televisions, washing machines, better clothes and homes, wanting achance to educate their children.Text Box source http//www.calumet.purdue.edu/management/hrm_sum.htmlThenew economy is emerging as a knowledge- and idea-based economy. Inthis new economy, the key to success and prosperity is the extent towhich t... ...er design and high prices.The category also marked the companys restructuring of its sales anddistribution channels. In addition to the existing structures based onproduct categories, a new organization was set to be established, thatwould focus exclusively on mass-retailers, in an attempt to fosterclose knitted relationships and improve communications with itsconsumers.The strategies that Sony moldiness continue to pursue are it must keepitself ahead of the change curve. In order to do so, the company mustbe able anticipate the direction of the change. Second, it must beable to focus and make the change happen. Also, Sony as a companyneeds to redefine itself from a business perspective, demonstratingthat Sony is a consumer electronics products company, not a gamingcompany. For the market of consumer electronics is an ever-growingmarket and will always be significantly greater than the target marketfor games, which only includes a small segment consisting mainly ofchildren and teenagers. However, from a holistic point of view, Sonyshould strengthen and maximize the brand value of its core sectors-electronics, games and content (music and picture).

Facts and Innovation of Education in China Essay -- Education Chinese

Facts and Innovation of Education in chinaI lived in a city and had a standard high school savant life as others. I got up at 700 in the morning time and tried not to be late for the morning class which is half(a) an hour later. Then I had 9 classes till 500 in the afternoon, during which I could eat my one(a)-hour-long lunch. Even at night and on weekends, I had to grapple with tons of homework and tests, or locked myself in the classroom.It sounds crazy to pretend only one day per week empty without classes or to stay at school more than at home, but millions of Chinese students are experiencing both situations. One explore reveals that nearly 7 out of 10 students in Beijing have to attend classes during winter breaks. Another says that 67% of high school students have slight than 7 hours sleep per day and about 42% students have slight than half an hour free time per day. Half of them have no free time at all.For most high students in China, all the effortful work ai ms at one thing, and the thing is called the National College Entrance Examination. In particular, its an exam which lasts 2 or 3 days depending individually on provinces, takes place nationally and synchronously, and the final score of the exam determines which college a student may get in. Although students fill out forms indicating several colleges they would like to apply to, the fact is they merely have one chance basically, which is the first choice. And once a student fails to get in his first choice, his chances of getting into other colleges are enormously decreased because the spaces have been filled already.Mostly, the Entrance Examination is the only way a college evaluates and admits a student. And in China, a good college degree more or less guarantees a promisi... ...a crushing fairer education environment.Work CitedJiajie Li, Yang Zhenning jiaoshou bijiao zhongmei jiaoyu (Prof. Zhenning Yang compares education between China and the US), Guangming Daily, June 18, 2004.Maolin Ye, Dui Zhongguo fazhan mingban jiaoyu de sikao (Thoughts about developing private schools in China) getable from http//edu.tom.com/1050/20031030-1455.html Internet accessed celestial latitude 1, 2004.Chenxin Zhou, Peng Jiang, Zhongguo shisheng pubian renwei gaozhong kecheng guoduo guonan (Students and teachers consider high schoolwork load too much and too hard) unattached from http//www.wendu.com/Training/11611.html Internet accessed December 1, 2004.Guangcheng Liang, Jiaoyu buneng mangmu xihua (Do not westernize education blindly) available from http//maths.guangztr.edu.cn/kcgg/bnmmxh.htm Internet accessed December 1, 2004. Facts and Innovation of Education in China Essay -- Education Chinese Facts and Innovation of Education in ChinaI lived in a city and had a standard high school student life as others. I got up at 700 in the morning and tried not to be late for the morning class which is half an hour later. Then I had 9 classes till 500 in the aft ernoon, during which I could eat my one-hour-long lunch. Even at night and on weekends, I had to deal with tons of homework and tests, or locked myself in the classroom.It sounds crazy to have only one day per week free without classes or to stay at school more than at home, but millions of Chinese students are experiencing both situations. One research reveals that nearly 7 out of 10 students in Beijing have to attend classes during winter breaks. Another says that 67% of high school students have less than 7 hours sleep per day and about 42% students have less than half an hour free time per day. Half of them have no free time at all.For most high students in China, all the hard work aims at one thing, and the thing is called the National College Entrance Examination. In fact, its an exam which lasts 2 or 3 days depending individually on provinces, takes place nationally and synchronously, and the final score of the exam determines which college a student may get in. Although stud ents fill out forms indicating several colleges they would like to apply to, the fact is they merely have one chance basically, which is the first choice. And once a student fails to get in his first choice, his chances of getting into other colleges are enormously decreased because the spaces have been filled already.Mostly, the Entrance Examination is the only way a college evaluates and admits a student. And in China, a good college degree more or less guarantees a promisi... ...a crushing fairer education environment.Work CitedJiajie Li, Yang Zhenning jiaoshou bijiao zhongmei jiaoyu (Prof. Zhenning Yang compares education between China and the US), Guangming Daily, June 18, 2004.Maolin Ye, Dui Zhongguo fazhan mingban jiaoyu de sikao (Thoughts about developing private schools in China) available from http//edu.tom.com/1050/20031030-1455.html Internet accessed December 1, 2004.Chenxin Zhou, Peng Jiang, Zhongguo shisheng pubian renwei gaozhong kecheng guoduo guonan (Students and t eachers consider high schoolwork load too much and too hard) available from http//www.wendu.com/Training/11611.html Internet accessed December 1, 2004.Guangcheng Liang, Jiaoyu buneng mangmu xihua (Do not westernize education blindly) available from http//maths.guangztr.edu.cn/kcgg/bnmmxh.htm Internet accessed December 1, 2004.

Alcohol and its Effects Essay -- essays research papers

Alcohol and its EffectsAlcohol is a substance that has become a part of the social settings in todays world. Many people can say they have drunk alcohol and most can even remember their first imbibe of beer. Whether it was given to us by our parents or at a social engagement, everyone has encountered alcohol in their lives. But as responsible people, have we ever stop to realize that we are taking a drug in to our system that is both harmful and addictive? Alcohol affects a wide range of digestive-system disorders such(prenominal) as inflammation of pancreas and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged causing blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremor may occur. As if the there was not enough effects from alcohol, vitamin deficiency is also one of the major effects cause by alcohol causing folate and vitamin B1 deficiencies. Though there are a variety of drinking patterns and the range of injuries among alcohol abusers, some are mild and can recover on their consume with the right tools and techniques. Others are critical and need hospitalization and prolong rehabilitation with custodian supervision.Ten percent of the adult drinkers in the United States are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree. There is about 5% of ethyl alcohol in a beer, 7-14% in table wine, 20% in fortified wind such as Sherry, and 40% in distilled spirits a...

Alcohol and its Effects Essay -- essays research papers

Alcohol and its EffectsAlcohol is a substance that has become a part of the complaisant settings in todays world. Many people can say they have drunk alcohol and most can even remember their jump sip of beer. Whether it was given to us by our p arents or at a social engagement, ever soyone has encountered alcohol in their lives. But as responsible people, have we ever stopped to realize that we are taking a drug in to our system that is both harmful and addictive? Alcohol affects a wide run away of digestive-system disorders such as inflammation of pancreas and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged causing blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremor may occur. As if the there was not enough effects from alcohol, vitamin deficiency is also one of the major effects cause by alcohol causing pteroylmonoglutamic acid and thiamine deficiencies. Though there are a variety of drinking patterns and the range of injuries among al cohol abusers, some are mild and can recover on their own with the right tools and techniques. Others are critical and need hospitalization and prolong rehabilitation with custodian supervision.Ten percent of the adult drinkers in the United States are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree. There is about 5% of ethyl alcohol in a beer, 7-14% in board wine, 20% in fortified wind such as Sherry, and 40% in distilled spirits a...

Filipino Fashion Essay

Just when you think that Filipinas do not know how to strut on the catwalk, Filipinas do not just learn the passion to wear designed clothes Filipinas are natural fashionistas.Tracing its origins, Filipinos had long since been very innovative and creative in the kind of clothes that they wear. The archaean settlers wore bahag, a loincloth commonly used by Filipino men before the European colonizers arrived. This is mostly used by indigenous tribes in the mountains, and until now, is salve used in the Cordilllera Mountain. But this is not being looked down upon as a lowly garment as it is made of well-chosen materials, woven in intricate designs that are unique with each individual wearing it.The Barong Tagalog and Barot Saya are the countrys national costume. The barong is made of a variety of fabrics worry the pia fabric, jusi, and banana fabric. This is worn by men during official and special personal occasions. Nowadays, the barong has now been modernized with the polo barong, gusot-mayaman (gusot means wrinkled and mayaman means pixilated), linen barongs and shirt-jack barongs.Barong TagalogThe barot saya is the national dress and is worn by women. This is characterized by having a huge pauelo or shawl around the shoulders, and the terno, having the butterfly sleeves popularized by precedent First Lady Imelda Marcos. As the years passed, the influence of the West and the influence of the East on local fashion has made Filipino fashion an ecclectic one. any(prenominal) of the popular Filipino fashion designers we have today include Mich Dulce, Rafe Totengco, and Monique Lhuillier.

Gun Control: Research Paper Essay

People of this country mictu regularize the upright to protect themselves and own throttles, so long as they argon capable and answerable. Even though submarines argon dangerous, being defenseless is even to a greater extent dangerous and everyone should obtain the right to defend themselves, whether or non firearms ar intentd. As people of this country we should have the right to defend ourselves, and that should include defense by firearms. The flatulence owner does non have to pull the initiate of a firearm. Sometimes the threat of the gun and the possibility of it being fired is enough to send those who intend harm away. Statistics show that in true life sentence instances of self-defense with firearms, firing the gun was necessary scarcely one third to one fractional of the time, the rest of the time the mere presence of a gun was enough to sc atomic number 18 away the attacker (Moore 5). Some people argon more defenseless than others including the elderly and sma ller men and women. People have the right to defend themselves, unless sometimes they are particularizeed in doing so by inadequate physical ability, age and other factors.Statistics show that people who are attacked by a criminal are safer if they use a weapon to resist their attacker than if they do not resist. In addition, those who resist with a gun are less likely to be injured than those who use a less effective weapon, such(prenominal) as a knife. (Moore 5) Although at that place are substance of defense other than guns, they are the most effective form of protection from someone trying to harm you. A knife is threatening, but there is not much you can do from a long distance, and throwing it wont be the best option, since you would essentially be losing your weapon if you miss.Self-defense such as karate and other martial arts techniques withal really cant be used at a long distance, and are of no fight to a criminal threat with a gun. Larry Pratt says, Evil is in our hearts, not in the guns (Burbaker1). Many advocates for gun restrictions and bans like to state that Guns wipe out people do not (Zaremski1). I set out this to be a faulty argument. It is people who kill, a gun bequeath not kill unless the person holding it decides to use it to kill, and pulls the trigger.A gun lying around is not going to do any harm a gun is not making the decision to kill or to shoot its bullets it does not have a mind. It is when a person picks up that gun that it is fired, the person with thoughts and a mind, he or she is killing not the gun. Anything can be fashioned into a weapon, and there are so many already made weapons out there. We should have the right to our guns, besides as we have the right to any weapon out there. None of these weapons are doing any harm to us unless someone makes that happen.We should have the right to defend ourselves with a firearm if necessary if we are threatened by someone. The second amendment of the constitution states that, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a kick State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Back then, a militia was comprised of ordinary, common male citizens, who not only had the right, but the handicraft to own guns to protect the country and form a militia. Don Kates states that, The amendment, in guaranteeing the arms of each citizen, simultaneously guaranteed arms for the militia (2347).The founding fathers set it up so that the people had means of defense from anyone, including other citizens, foreigners, and even their own government. People such as James Madison, who was the one to introduce the Bill of Rights verbalise that the amendments in it relate first to private rights (NRA-ILA). He is stating that the Bill of Rights relates to private rights of the citizens in front it relates to state or national rights, proving that it is the right of the people to own a firearm for protection.The second amendment talks about us as citizens owning guns for defense, not tho the government. It would be going against the composing, and the Bill of Rights to take away or limit gun ownership and usage. Yes, this privilege should be taken away from those who abuse it and harm others or have the potential to harm, but not from regular, responsible citizens. This amendment is not only for personal and military defense, but also was intended to protect citizens from a tyrannical government, so that if it happens, people are able to defend themselves.Moore also states that, The Founding Fathers of our country won our throw overboarddom with firearms. After we won our independence the Founding Fathers included the right to keep and bear arms in the Constitution to ensure that the freedom they fought for would last (6). They put this in so that we had the right not only to defend ourselves from any harm from others or even animals, but also so that we had a defense to protect our freedom if it was eve r threatened by the government. By taking away our guns, you are in a sense taking away part of our freedom as the people of this country.Some people argue that we have the right to protect ourselves from all dangers, including guns, and that there should be a more restrictive gun control. While it is true that we should make sure that guns should stay out of the custody of felons and mentally unstable people, they should not be banned from regular, responsible citizens hands. Moore defines what a responsible citizen is, The citizen mustiness be law-abiding, with no felony record, must not abuse alcohol or drugs, must not be mentally ill, must not have renounced U. S. citizenship, must not have been dishonorably discharged from the military, and must be in the U.S. de jure (2). Upon purchasing a gun you have to take a class on gun safety and use and are required to have a full criminal background check and to give your full set of fingerprints. I do not think that this is being e nforced enough and shouldnt be taken lightly. If we can keep the guns out of the untimely hands, we can eliminate most of the crimes caused by them. By definition, a criminal is someone who breaks the law. Criminals have many ways to obtain weapons without going by dint of the process mandated by the Brady Bill. Two obvious examples are theft and black market purchases.According to studies only one firearm of every six used in a crime is obtained legally (Moore 3). Eliminating guns in this country will do nothing, stopping the wrong people to get their hands on it could. We are not going to ban cars because someone crashed it and they died. Many things are dangerous, it is up to the person to be responsible with it. Most products have a warning label or say what not to do with them, such as do not use your fuzz dryer in the bath, but, it is up to you as a person to be responsible with it and to protect yourself from harm.If another person lacks that responsibility, and uses someth ing to harm you, such as a weapon, you should be able to defend yourself, even with a gun. Think about how well it went in the 1920s when the prohibition happened and alcohol was made illegal, people even-tempered got alcohol through the black market, and because of that demand, the black market grew. The same is true today with the ban on drugs, they are illegal, but people can hitherto get them, and people still use them. The same thing is going to happen, only with guns.Many surveys suggest criminals obtain their weapons through this illegal firearms market. One direct indicated that in 37 portion of their arrests the criminal said they could obtain a gun in less than a week, while another 20 percent said they could get a firearm in a day or less. (ONiell 1). You everyday criminals dont just walk to the gun transshipment center and buy a gun they get it from the black-market. These guns are usually stolen guns and unregistered. Taking away our right to legally have and buy g uns is only going to hunt down to guns being in the wrong hands and ordinary citizens will be defenseless.Chicago, once seen as one of those go-to American cities, with its sweeping skyline and the lake, is now seen and is a haven for gun violence and crime. It has the strictest gun laws in the country the question is what went wrong. Houston is very similar to Chicago in terms of socioeconomic factors such as population, density, and segregation. Houston, like Chicago, is a major center for illegal activities such as the drug trade and human trafficking. Despite all this, Houston has a murder ratetwo-thirds thanthat of Chicago.This is because the people of Houston are well armed, while innocents in Chicago have been condemned to be sitting ducks. (Vidal1) Many of the guns in Chicago that are used for these shootings are illegally obtained and are in the hands of criminals and gangs. You are able to get a gun in Chicago now, but you have to go through a firearms training class, 2 b ackground checks, and have a firearms owner I. D. card. Only 7,640 people legally own a gun in Chicago, the rest are illegally had, 7,400 illegal guns last year were confiscated from crimes (Maass 1).The gun free law in Chicago is clearly not operative if more guns are being confiscated from criminals than responsible citizens who own guns. Many people complain about the high rate of crimes involving guns and gun use in America. A law banning guns probably wont lower this number at all. If we dont have means to protect ourselves, we would have to find a way to call for help, such as law enforcement. There are not enough police to go around and protect everybody, and sometimes they come and too late. In that time it took for the cops to get there, that could have been the last few moments of that persons life.We need to be able to defend ourselves. Laws are not enough to protect people from aggression. We must allow people the means to protect themselves. Protection is a major reaso n that about half of all Americans own a firearm (Moore 5). Yes firearms can be used against us, but they can also be used for us. We need to have more effective criminal regulations and crime control, sooner than more gun control. This is the only way to stop crimes whether or not they involve guns. The tragedy in Newtown, computed axial tomography was unsettling, killing twenty-seven people, including twenty school children and seven adults.This school, just like all in the United States, is a gun-free zone, but should that mean those teachers and other staff, such as the cop in the school should not have access to guns? The gun free zone did not stop Adam Lanza, the shooter from bring in his three guns to the school and killing 20 students and six adults. Police and other first responders arrived on scene about 20 minutes after(prenominal) the first calls (Sandy Hook 1). Had these teachers and staff had a gun or any means of protection at all, he may have been stopped before h e killed anybody or at an even lower number, especially since the police arrived that long after calls.Pratt states, virtual(prenominal)ly all mass murders in the past 20 years have occurred in gun-free zones (1). A mass murder is considered three or more deaths. The main reason that these have happened in gun free zones is because no one other than a police officer has a gun and can stop him and by that time one shows up there is a relatively high determine that more than three people are dead. I do believe that teachers should have a gun in their desk and ready just in case of another incident such as the Sandy Hook Tragedy or at least a cop in every school.Guns should be allowed on these gun-free zones by honest citizens. Criminal are not obeying the rules about the gun-free zones, so why should we take the chance and leave the school children, or mall goers at risk? Taking away guns is not going to solve anything, but instead leave the guns in the hands of criminals. Guns shoul d be kept legal, and yes there should be regulations and better eye on who has it, but making them illegal all together will just cause us to be defenseless and a black market will start up for guns, just like all illegal things.We just need to better regulate the criminals, mental patients, and those on prescription drugs that could alter personality and rationality, not have guns. We need to have better crime control, rather than gun control and teach responsibility and safety and risks of guns. Making everyone well-educated on the topic and of guns themselves will overall help. Even making it mandatory to have a background check and mental health check every few years to make sure that these guns are in the right hands would help out a lot.Most of the time its not normal citizens that commit the crimes but criminals, and by taking away guns from normal good, people, we will be essentially leaving them in the wrong hands and taking away our protection. Works Cited Burbaker, Elisab eth. Larry Pratt on Guns in America Evils in Our Hearts. Not in the GunsPiers Morgan RSS. Cable News Network, 8 Dec. 2012. Web. 29 Mar. 2013. KATES, DON B. , Jr. Second Amendment. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Ed. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst. 2nd ed. Vol. 5.Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. 2346-2347. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. Maass, Harold. Chicagos Rising Murder Rate Has Gun Control Failed? The Week. The Week. N. p. , 31 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. Moore, Richard. Gun Control. Rep. N. p. n. p. , 1995. Print 2013 NRA-ILA Firearms Fact Card. NRA-ILA. N. p. , 8 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. lthttp//www. nraila. orggt. ONeill, Kevin. Gun Control, Unregistered Firearms and the Black Market. Examiner. com. N. p. , 9 Nov. 2010. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. Pratt, Larry. Blood Gun Owners of America. Gun Owners of America. GOA, 16 Dec. 2012. Web. 29 Mar. 2013 Sandy Hook wide-eyed Shooting What Happened? CNN. Cable News Network, n. d. Web. 29 M ar. 2013. Woodhill, Louis. The Sandy Hook Horror Begs Us To Have The Courage To Do Nothing. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 27 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. Vidal, Charlie. PolicyMic. PolicyMic. N. p. , Feb. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2013. Zaremski, Miles J. Guns shout out in Silence Is No Longer an Option. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 11 Jan. 2013. Web. 29 Mar. 2013

Perspective Essay

E realone can view thoughts contrastingly and sometimes it is hard to understand an other persons perspective. Many people do the things they do because they feel that their perspective is the right one. Personally I believe that sometimes people do not want to look at the others personal perspective because they know that they are wrong with their own. In other words, some people know what they are doing is wrong and do not want to do anything to tack together it.In my perspective of being angry with my friend, I was angered that my friend who had been living with me for a week during the summer was not picking up afterwards himself. I had to clean up all of his messes and had to make sure that our living area was not in complete disarray. It angered me because I had to clean up after him as well as myself. I feel that he should have contributed at least a little bit to our situation. We were both away(predicate) from our homes and were both in the same situation and he just re lied on me to be his personal maid.My response to this situation that I was dealing with was that I was very short tempered, and I did not want to communicate with my friend as much. He got the hint that something was wrong, but he did not have any judgment about what was wrong. I tried to just blow off the situation and see if he was going to eventually start helping out, but goose egg changed. Finally, I opened my mouth and told him that he needed to start helping around the place. He got super offensive and he stated, I thought that dwell service was cleaning our room. Some people expect things in life, and my friend was one of these people.My perspective changed after I looked at how this kid grew up. He had his parents and his granny knot do everything for him. From doing the dishes to taking out the trash, this kid had never done a chore in his life. Sometimes you just have to look at the other persons personal background and look at how they were raised. Of course it was not the right way to being raised, but I couldnt get wind what he was used to.Problems occur in perspective taking all the time because not everyone is raised the same. Many people come from different backgrounds and different societies. We all view things differently and based on the way we were raised. Sometimes your own perspective may not be the agreeable one, and that is the hardest thing to change, particularly if you grew up with it.

Chapter Summary Notes

Adam Smith argued the economic advantages of vision of labor, and the breakdown of Jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks, known as Job specialization. Division of labor increased productivity by increasing each workers skill and dexterity, by saving time lost in changing tasks. 2. 18th Century Industrial Revolution the main contribution of the Industrial revolution was that human power was replaced by machine power, which then made it more economical to manufacture goods In factories rather than at home.Large, efficient factories require managerial skills, as they had to ensure that demand was met, enough eternal was on evanesce to continue production, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities, coordinate various tasks, ensure the machines were still running efficiently and were kept in good condition plot maintaining standards, etc. There argon 6 different approaches to management 1. Scientific management an approach that involves using scientific methods to define the one best itinerary for a Job to be done. The aim of this method is to make organizations and workers be as efficient as possible.Frederick W. Taylor was one of the first to Introduce methods of scientific management. He Introduced 4 principles of management a. Develop a science for each element of an Individuals work with standardized work Implements and efficient methods for all(prenominal) to follow b. Scientifically study workers with skills and abilities that match each job and train them in the most efficient ways to accomplish tasks c. Ensure cooperation through incentives and provide the work environment that reinforces optimum work results in a scientific manner d. Vivid responsibility for managing and for working, while supporting individuals in work groups doing what they do best. Some people argon more capable of managing, whereas others are better at performing tasks laid out to them. These guidelines are still used today for improving efficiency and production. They are used when managers analyses the basic work tasks that must be performed, use time-and-motion study to eliminate wasted motions, hire the best-qualified workers for a Job and design incentive systems establish on output. . General administrative speculation an approach to management that focuses on describing what managers do and what constituted good management practice. There were 2 significant theorists in developing this method Henry Offal and Max Weber. Henry planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. He stated 14 principles of management, which are fundamental rules of management that could be taught and applied to all organizational situations.They include a) division of work specialization increases output by making employees more efficient b) authority managers must be able to pee-pee orders c) discipline employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization d) unity of command every employee should receive orders from only nee s uperior e) unity of prudence organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers f) subordination of individual interests to the general interest interests of one employee should not take precedency of the organization as a whole g) remuneration workers must be paid a fair wage for their services h) concentration the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making I) scalar chain line of authority from top to bottom j) order people and materials should be in the function place at the right time k) equity managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates l) stability of tenure of response management should provide orderly military unit planning to ensure that replacement are available to fill vacancies m) initiative employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of elbow grease n) esprit De corps promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization Max Weber he developed a theor y of authority structures based on an ideal type of organization he called a bureaucracy a form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. 3. Initiative approach the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. Total Quality Management a school of thought of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.This approach has contributed directly to managerial decision making in the areas of planning and control, much(prenominal) as when managers need to budget, schedule, quality control and similar decisions are made. 4. Organizational behavior a field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work. Hawthorne studies a series of studies during the sass and ass that provided insight into individual and group behavior. Human relations movement the belief, for the most part unsubstantiated by research, that a well-off worker will be productive. Behavioral science theorists psychologists and sociologists who relied on scientific method for study of organizational behavior. 5. Yeasts approach known as one of the modern-day approaches. It is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. Closed systems systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.

Native Language Support

When examining sociolinguistics views relating to whether or not children should pass support in their subjective languages, there are surprisingly several theories. With each name and author, with each study, a new idea is formed. Likewise, non-linguists responded the analogous way. For the interviews, I interviewed Isaac, Betty, and Chantelle. All thought that support came from the family and they had various reasons why they thought so when it came to potential problems, affable factors were the answer. Native Language Support Betty believed that there should definitely be support for native language speaking.This support should be centered rough the home and around family. She elaborated What does it look like? Well, I would say that the more(prenominal) interaction with the parents and family, the better. Sit down and talk. Read, write, just use the language. Thats supporting it. Practice is support. She believed that the organisation should not pressure English only at home. They have no authority to have influence what is spoken at home at all. Isaac was eerily similar in his viewpoints he thought children should be able to speak to their parents and family in their native language.They could easily be supported in this by having TV channels accessible, by having movies, books, a strong community tie with another(prenominal)s speaking the same language. He stressed that he had TV while growing up and international channels that helped him learn fluent Spanish that sounded more native than the broken Spanish he would have spoken with no contact with other people speaking the language. Today, hes able to speak with others with no issues, and has no issues with English, either. Chantelle was of slightly different opinion. She thought it was definitely better to use near English at home, along with the native language.Parents should be able to use some English to make sure that their children know and understand the language that they acquire to use in the outside world. To her, there should be a balance between the two. Essentially, yes, children should be supported in their native language, but not to the same extent as Betty and Isaac want. She also adamantly refused that the judicature have anything to do with languages, interestingly enough. Why? Why Not? Children can focus on their native language at home because they have more than enough opportunities to learn and practice their English outside of school.They naturally tend to utilize extracurriculars and media to assimilate or adapt to the mainstream socialization. Isaac and Betty both explained these points and mentioned that speaking a native language is a freedom that the US has no right to meddle with. English is not the authorized language, and we do not need to speak it in the privacy of our homes. When asked why support should come from family, Betty said, where better than to bugger off a sense of self than from family? Where else to get someone speak ing with you than your own community? However, this view establishes a sort of dichotomy between home life and school, and it may hinder progress, accord to Mushi (2010). The judicature shouldnt have much to do with the languages because its like the freedom of religion. It gives others reason to discriminate. The country should not be biased against a certain conclave and language counts in this category. This idea really contrasts with Wiley said about the role of English. Its important to note that English functions as if it was the official language, even if it is not official.Therefore, according to the article, it is functionally important, and relevant to emphasize English learning. Chantelles government position consists of a fendion that the government is capable of handling such a sensitive subject. I disagree with English only rules, I think its completely insensitive. The government indirectly forces you to learn languages, and thats wrong. Its as personal as your o wn belief systems. Problems with the Approaches Isaac saw no serious problem with someone speaking their language at home. Maybe now the kids will grow up knowing how to curse in a whole bunch of languages. This was the extent of his issues. For government interactions, though, he pointed out that the government did not interfere with languages to help change it interfered for its own gains, own political and international agenda. There really is not as strong an incentive for people to learn other languages. Thus, the government helping to support native languages would not be effective. Filmore points out in one of the points made, that the government supporting bilingual education would enable more students to crystalise high school as opposed to dropping out.This has no self centered motives, but a desire to have more multilingual speakers have an education (2004). Chantelle and Betty were similar in that they both recognized that some parents are unwilling to support native tongues. Some parents are not able to. Sometimes, the children themselves reject the native language. Each family and case is a different situation, and its sensitive enough not to be generalized. Some individuals may not like their culture or language, either, so the support systems definitely has its flaws.And this view makes sense, because because Filmore (2004) statesfor many, English is not just a language. Its synonymous with being American. Conclusion Overall, I did not get the reactions I was expecting. Most people seem to view language as a private and personal thing, almost like their religion. They forefathert want government interference typically, but only do when it benefits them. One thing Filmore pointed out was that the public thinks the use of languages other than English in school and everywhere else means that the speakers of those language dont change or learn English (2004).All of the responses from the public contradicted this linguistic thought, however. It may be that the more people one interviews, the more the linguistic idea will be supported, but in this case, the public did not think there was a correlativity between these two ideas. The public thought it was perfectly acceptable to speak another language at home, and speak English outside, in the workforce, and be multilingual. They didnt think the lives would be dichotomous, but it would blend out of necessity. It would ultimately become, as cliched as it sounds, the best of both worlds.

Rampart Scandal

Abstract This paper looks at the history of the Los Angeles constabulary division as it relates to police culture and several major incidents leading up to the bar Scandal. The police culture of a four-year-old LAPD ultimately seemed to linger and affect the LAPD of today. The need of supervision and positive commwholey inter accomplish seemed to solidify the primitive police culture. The History of Police Culture Leading to the seawall Scandal The Los Angeles Police part is one of the biggest and most innovative police departments in the founding that has been in existence since 1853.The LAPD encompasses nearly 468 squ ar miles in over 19 divisions and employing nearly 10,000 give tongue to police forthicers to police a population of roughly 4 million people (Los Angeles Police Department, 2012). When umteen people think of police, they often have visions of over-the-hill telly re-runs of Adam 12 or Dragnet, both of which were police shows with officers and detective s from the Los Angeles Police Department. The television programs depicted officers and detectives conducting their investigations, where the officers maintained absolute professionalism when making ar domiciliates or dealing with the public.These television programs never told the true story of crime and life out on the street or the real people that police it every day. The Los Angeles Police Department has had a very colorful history as it has led to modern times. The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, the Watts Riots of 1965, the Rodney King Riots of 1992 and the Rampart Scandal all have had an impact on the LAPD and natural law executement in general, as well as how the public perceives police and their mission.In 1926, when head teacher James Davis ran the LAPD, he gave a directive to his officers to rid the city of the crampfish toting element and rum smugglers, and if his officers showed mercy to these people that he would reprimand them for that behavior (The LAPD1926-1950, 2012). The mentality of Chief James Davis is where the LAPD essentially started, in a time when on that omen was no true equality of citizens. The police officers were threatened with the possibility of losing their jobs if they showed mercy to people that they dealt with on the streets.With that flake of attitude, the police and citizens did not have any type of a working relationship to solve problems or create an atmosphere of trust with the general public only fear. There have been many Police Chiefs since that time and many have attempted to change the atmosphere in which the officers operate and treat each other and the citizens. Chief Willliam Parker ran the LAPD from 1950 until his death in 1966. Chief Parker was able-bodied to desegregate the LAPD and he allowed minority officers to work playing fields where they traditionally werent allowed to work before repayable to their minority status.Chief Parker also created a professional good example of policing so as to cope wit h the rising population with a small amount of police officers (Martin, 2009). Despite the fact that change in how the LAPD dealt with the population was coming, the vestigial attitude amongst most officers was that they were the law and they could do most anyaffair that they felt needed to be done. To feed to this radicalitarian attitude, the LAPD has had to deal with many civil unrest situations give c atomic number 18 the Watts Riots of 1965.The Watts Riots stemmed from an arrest of an African American subject named Marquette Frye that took part in the Watts neighborhood on Los Angeles. An altercation started possibly out of frustration with the lack of employment, hold and quality schools in the Watts area and turned into six days of riotous behavior in that poverty stricken area of Los Angeles. The LAPD as well as fragments of the National Guard were deployed to quell the violence on the streets (Unknown, 2012).The riot cost the lives of thirty-four people and created an even bigger rift with the LAPD and the community in which it serves. The police culture that had been passed on to generations of LAPD officers was one that was truly inconsistent with what law enforcement should be or so. This came from an era where racial segregation was common in various parts of the dry land but civil rights began to become a hot topic in the world. The way in which officers of the LAPD dealt with people while interacting and doing their jobs was such an ineffective way of enforcing the laws as they were meant to be enforced.Many times the personal rights of individuals guaranteed under the United States Constitution were trampled on just because the attitudes of those in charge of both the police and the courts were primitive. Chief Daryl Gates took the helm of the LAPD in 1976 and he was creative in his ideas on how to modernize the LAPD. Chief Gates was in that location during the 80s when coterie-related violence was at an all-time heights and or sothi ng had to be done to effectively combat the problem. Community Policing philosophy was not a new idea at this block, but it had not been effectively implement to cause any change. Chief Gates had the LAPD begin is form of proactive or iron fist policing tactics by implementing Operation beat in the streets in 1987. Operation Hammer was a police officer overload by the C. R. A. S. H. officers (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums) in a certain area that has been experiencing numerous acts of ringing-violence and officers enforce laws with ferocity using a zero-tolerance attitude with everybody in the neighborhood. This type of policing countered with other community policing programs that were in place to ensure that residents of these impoverished neighborhoods were organism provided resources to help their situations (Sahagan, 1990).Operation Hammer was not just a way for the LAPD to take violent criminals off the streets, but some have said that it was LAPDs way of sen ding a message to the violent offenders to stop the violence. Officers during these various operations were not only searching and seizing items of evidence, but destroying property and disrespecting family of the gang members they sought to arrest. These tactics were not effective and did nothing to combat the crime but seemed to enrage the citizens of those neighborhoods to cause further community relations problems for the LAPD.The distrust with the public and the LAPD continued to get worsened until March 1991, when officers from the LAPD began chasing a speeding vehicle in their jurisdiction from the freeway. Rodney King was the driver of that speeding vehicle and he led officers on a imitate that ultimately terminate in a neighborhood area, where residents were woken up and videotaped recorders began recording. The videotape showed Rodney King being beaten numerous times with police batons at the pass on of officers of the LAPD. The result was that the videotaped beating wa s given to the news media, which aired the footage to the world.The public outcry wanted the officers charged for using excessive force upon Rodney King, which resulted in four officers being charged for using excessive force and ultimately acquitted of all charges. The response to the verdicts sparked complete civil unrest in the South Central area of Los Angeles, where the original beating took place. Initial rioters became enraged at the fact that an incident that was videotaped for the world to see could not convict police officers of excessive force. The riots lasted a total of six days and damage was estimated at one billion dollars.At this point, there was no relationship with the LAPD and the impoverished areas of Los Angeles and crime seemed to run rampant. The attitude of the LAPD had not evolved with the worlds views on civil rights and it had been proven based on the various riots and scandals of this era of the LAPD. I feel that in some ways, attempts had been made at t his point to try and connect with the community but the weak attempts failed. LAPD continued to use their iron fist approach to handling problems, which history has showed that it was not effective comme il faut to cause change.This attitude caused the LAPD to stand still while the world around was continuing to evolve and grow, which ultimately caused many issues for the LAPD and the city of Los Angeles. During the LA Riots, a young officer named Rafael Perez had been learning the skills of the job to move to the most sought after specialty positions such as narcotics and C. R. A. S. H. positions. When Rafael Perez, a native of Puerto Rico, was a child ontogeny up he had ironically envisioned himself as being a Los Angeles Police Officer like the ones that he watched on the television program Adam-12.Rafael Perez ended up landing a police officer job with the LAPD in 1989, a time when tension amongst police officers and the communities it served was at a boiling point (Cannon, 20 00). Many officers, ultimately found to be involved in some type of scandal or wrongdoing at bottom the LAPD had been hired within the akin time stoppage and had grown up with the LAPD police culture. Rafael Perez and many other officers involved in the Rampart Scandal, including Kevin Gaines, David mack, and Nino Durden were hired in a time period between 1988 and 1990.Some critics say that these officers and many other officers that have partaken in misconduct of a criminal nature were hired at a time when there were federal rules of affirmative action hiring practices. These federal rules forced agencies, such as the LAPD to hire minority candidates and lower standards based on race and sex. When hiring standards for candidates of any job, a good deal less a law enforcement job are lowered then the candidates are less desireable, regardless of race or sex. A statistical analysis of data from the U. S.Department of Justice from economist John Lott found that aggressive affir mative action hiring practices requiring a quota for hiring minority officers increased crime rates. The report reads When affirmative action rules take over the result is a reduced quality of officers (Golab, 2005) With the federal regulations requiring affirmative action hiring practices, police departments, including the LAPD got away from the traditional hiring practices. Normally police officers are chosen as good candidates when they are hired on value-based hiring practices.The practices are to look thoroughly into the candidates background, mental background and learn slightly the candidate and his/her morals and values. When affirmative action regulations take over, value-based hiring practices are not used due to the fact that a minority quota is put in place instead of hiring the best quality candidate regardless of race or sex. In the font of the LAPD, this type of hiring practice allowed people like Rafael Perez, David mack and the rest to take the law into their own hands and victimize citizens of Los Angeles.Once the officers in the Rampart Scandal were hired onto the LAPD, they learned how to do their jobs and in some instances came off as model police officers. Many of these officers received awards and commendations for the work that they had done while employed with the LAPD. Although I dont know the entire career of these officers, it seems potential that their careers started with very minor perks being given to them as a result of their position of authority. Officers on this slippery-slope model of police turpitude are brought into grafting subcultures that are already involved in this sort of corrupt and illegal activity.Once the newer officers of the group begin their path on the slippery-slope of corruption, it is often difficult for them to ever come back. This is due to them being a part of previous corruption, where other members of the grafting subculture group were witness to, and there is now fear amongst the members of the corruption being discovered. In the case of the LAPD, it appeared that the officers found to be involved in the corruption, had been involved for quite some time.The investigation into the Rampart Scandal began with the investigation into a pip death of an off-duty LAPD officer by an on-duty LAPD narcotics detective. When investigators began looking into this case, they found that the off-duty officer that was killed, named Kevin Gaines had been involved with Death Row Records. Death Row Records was owned and run by a Piru-Blood gang member named Suge Knight. Kevin Gaines was also alleged to be involved with the Piru-Blood gang. As investigators looked deeper they found several LAPD officers working for Death Row Records and being involved in the Piru-Blood gang.A incident occurred on November 6, 1997 when the Bank of America branch in South Central Los Angeles was robbed at gun point. Two men entered the bank and demanded money from the customer service jitney and she gave them a pproximately $722,000. When robbery detectives began investigating the crime, they were able to question the customer service manager extensively and she revealed that the bank robbery was an inside job, with the main singular being her boyfriend and LAPD officer David Mack.Two days after the bank robbery, David Mack and Rafael Perez had gone to Las Vegas to celebrate. Investigators were learning that Rafael Perez had a relationship with each of these other officers and Rafael Perez was even thinking to have been the second suspect in the bank robbery. When questioned about the bank robbery and his relationship with David Mack, Rafael Perez denied any involvement with the robbery but said that David Mack had saved his life when they worked in a narcotics unit together (Cannon, 2000).While investigators were looking for clues in the Kevin Gaines shooting and the Mack bank robbery, the LAPD began investigating the theft of six pounds of cocaine from the evidence storage by one of th eir officers. The officer was Rafael Perez and he had already been suspected of being associated with Kevin Gaines and David Mack. Rafael Perez also had a connection to Death Row Records and had gang ties to the Piru-Blood gang. Rafael was a member of the C. R. A. S. H. anti-gang unit at the time, which was a unit that had quickly gained a reputation for playing hardball with gang members but also for being corrupt.Investigators would curtly learn that many other officers in the Rampart Division were a part of the noble cause corruption that seemed to run rampant in that division. David Mack was convicted of federal bank robbery charges and was sentenced to fourteen years in prison, even though the money was never recovered and the other suspect has never been identified. Rafael Perez was able to negotiate a sentence of five years in prison in exchange for Rafael Perezs cooperation in identifying additional corruption of other officers within the Rampart Division of the LAPD (Canno n, 2000).The LAPD administration and the LA District Attorneys Office felt that too many incidents of corruption were coming out of the Rampart Division and this was a fair way to make sure that they cleaned up the division and go after the corrupt officers. Rafael Perez talked with investigators about the socialization to C. R. A. S. H. and how officers new to the unit are treated and tested to see if they are trustworthy enough to be part of the corruption that was taking place. He also stated that the supervisors knew about the corruption and even encouraged officers to do whatever it took to make arrests and bring in uns, drugs and money from the streets (Caldero & Crank, 2004). Some citizens of the area seemed to think that what C. R. A. S. H. unit officers were doing to rid the streets of thugs and gang members was worth it to keep them safe. Others had differing feelings regarding the way officers acted, as many innocent people not affiliated with any gangs were caught up in the fray. Rafael Perez detailed to investigators about the patterns of corruption that were used by C. R. A. S. H. unit officers. This included using the INS to deport gang members or people that associated with gang members.Often times sweeps were conducted and INS agents were used during these sweeps to get gang members off the streets. Using the INS for this purpose was strictly forbidden by the LAPD policies but seemed to be a common practice for members of the C. R. A. S. H. unit as a tactic. Other tactics that officers were using would be to plant guns and drugs on subjects, use violence against suspects, and to lie under oath during court proceedings all to ensure that gang members were prosecuted (Caldero & Crank, 2004).During investigators debriefs with Rafael Perez, he blamed the LAPD and the aggressive police culture that it has bred as the reason that he became a corrupt officer. The C. R. A. S. H. unit motto, which was printed over the office door read We affright thos e who intimidate others. Rafael Perez said that he developed that US vs. THEM attitude that many police officers develop over time of working with and around hardened criminals. He blamed the supervisors and management of the LAPD for expecting high numbers of arrests and seizures as a catalyst for the accepted corrupt police culture amongst the C.R. A. S. H. officers (Cannon, 2000). Rafael Perez told investigators about a time when he and fellow C. R. A. S. H. unit officer Nino Durden shot an unarmed gang member, Javier Ovando. The shooting resulted out of a second contact with Ovando for trespassing, but the clear motive for the shooting is still not known. Durden and Perez planted a gun on Ovando after the shooting and Ovando was later charged and convicted for assault on a police officer with a firearm.Investigators knew that Rafael Perez had lied about many of the details of the shooting of Ovando, and this called into question the other corruption cases that Rafael Perez had been telling investigators about (Cannon, 2000). The corruption cases that have been learned from the Rampart Division Scandal prompted the US Department of Justice to mandate LAPD to enter into a consent decree. The Assistant Attorney General accused the LAPD of engaging in a pattern or practice of excessive force, false arrests, and unreasonable searches and seizures in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. (unknown, 2012) The consent decree was used as a tool to reform the police culture of the LAPD and to hold the LAPD accountable for violations of policy and procedure as well as criminal laws by officers of the LAPD. I feel that the history of the LAPD is the history of what we call modern day policing. LAPD has been so inventive and they have led the way in innovation in some regards. The attitudes of past leaders of the LAPD caused a police culture that was that of rough and tumble and not willing to take shit from anybody.This type of attitud e was prevalent for many years and spread to most police agencies, becoming the way to do police work. LAPD did not change with the times and continued with the attitude that they were above the law ultimately causing corruption to run rampant throughout the ranks. Understanding the history of the LAPD and the police culture that it has promoted, the consent decree was a necessary thing that has been used to reel in the aggressive tactics of officers that seemingly went unsupervised.The federal consent decree caused the LAPD to revisit the policies and procedures that were supposed to have been used by officers and supervisors alike. in all personnel received additional training to hold each individual accountable to what they were responsible for. The future of the LAPD is one that many outsiders will look on with baited breath to see if the consent decree helped with changing aggressive police culture and problems associated with it. Only time will tell to see if they (LAPD) lear ned their lesson and spend a penny that they are there to uphold the laws and protect lives and property. ReferencesLos Angeles Police Department. (2012). Retrieved from lapdonline. org The LAPD1926-1950. (2012). Retrieved from The Official Site of the Los Angeles Police Department lapdonline. org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1109 Caldero, M. , & Crank, J. P. (2004). Police Ethics The Corruption of Noble Cause,Second Edition. Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. Cannon, L. (2000, October 1). virtuoso Bad Cop. Retrieved from The New York Times Magazine http//www. truthinjustice. org/20001001mag-lapd. html Golab, J. (2005, June). How Racial P. C. Corrupted the LAPD (and Possibly Your Local Force as Well). The American Enterprise, 16(4).Retrieved from http//www. questia. com/library/1G1-132678217/how-racial-p-c-corrupted-the-lapd-and-possibly-your Martin, G. B. (2009, January 28). LAPD Chief Parkera product of his time. Retrieved from LA Times www. latimes. com/news/opinion Sahaga n, L. (1990, December 25). Parents called Vital to Operation Hammer. Retrieved from LA Times http//articles. latimes. com/1990-12-25/local/me-7125_1_operation-hammer unknown. (2012). The Aftermath. Retrieved from Frontline www. pbs. org Unknown. (2012, April 30). Watts Riots. Retrieved from Civil Rights Digital Library http//crdl. usg. edu/events/watts_riots/

Digital Fortress Chapter 30

Alfonso XIII was a small four-star hotel set back from the Puerta de Jerez and surrounded by a duncical wrought-iron fence and lilacs. David made his way up the marble stairs. As he reached for the door, it magi nattery opened, and a bellboy ushered him inside.Baggage, senor? May I help you?No, thanks. I need to see the concierge.The bellhop looked hurt, as if something in their two-second examine had not been satisfactory. Por aqui, senor. He guide Becker into the lobby, pointed to the concierge, and hurried off.The lobby was exquisite, small and elegantly appointed. Spains Golden Age had pine since passed, but for a while in the mid-1600s, this small nation had ruled the world. The room was a regal reminder of that era-suits of armor, military etchings, and a display case of gold ingots from the New World.Hovering stinkpot the counter marked conserje was a trim, well-groomed man smiling so eagerly that it appeared hed waited his entire life to be of assistance. En que pued o servirle, senor? How may I serve you? He spoke with an affected lisp and ran his mettles up and down Beckers body.Becker responded in Spanish. I need to speak to Manuel.The mans well-tanned face smiled even wider. Si, si, senor. I am Manuel. What is it you desire?Senor Roldan at Escortes Belen told me you would-The concierge inhi s Becker with a wave and glanced nervously around the lobby. Why dont you step over here? He led Becker to the end of the counter. Now, he continued, practically in a whisper. How may I help you?Becker began again, lowering his voice. I need to speak to one of his escorts whom I believe is dining here. Her name is Rocio.The concierge let out his glimmer as though overwhelmed. Aaah, Rocio-a beautiful creature.I need to see her immediately.But, senor, she is with a client.Becker nodded apologetically. Its important. A matter of national security.The concierge shook his head. Impossible. Perhaps if you left a-It will only take a moment. Is she in the di ning room?The concierge shook his head. Our dining room closed half an hour ago. Im afraid Rocio and her guest have retired for the evening. If youd wish to leave me a message, I can give it to her in the morning. He motioned to the bank of numbered message boxes goat him.If I could expert call her room and-Im sorry, the concierge said, his politeness evaporating. The Alfonso XIII has strict policies regarding client privacy.Becker had no end of waiting ten hours for a fat man and a prostitute to wander down for breakfast.I understand, Becker said. Sorry to b other you. He turned and walked back into the lobby. He strode directly to a cherry roll-top desk that had caught his eye on his way in. It held a generous supply of Alfonso XIII postcards and stationery as well as pens and envelopes. Becker sealed a blank piece of paper in an envelope and wrote one word on the envelope.ROCIO.Then he went back to the concierge.Im sorry to trouble you again, Becker said approaching sheepishl y. Im being a bit of a fool, I know. I was hoping to tell Rocio personally how much I enjoyed our time together the other day. But Im leaving town tonight. Perhaps Ill just leave her a note after all. Becker displace the envelope on the counter.The concierge looked down at the envelope and clucked sadly to himself. Another lovesick heterosexual, he thought. What a waste. He looked up and smiled. But of course, Mr.?Buisan, Becker said. Miguel Buisan.Of course. Ill be sure Rocio gets this in the morning.Thank you. Becker smiled and turned to go.The concierge, after discreetly checking out Beckers backside, scooped up the envelope off the counter and turned to the bank of numbered slots on the wall behind him. Just as the man slipped the envelope into one of the slots, Becker spun with one final inquiry.Where might I call a taxi?The concierge turned from the wall of cubbyholes and answered. But Becker did not hear his response. The timing had been perfect. The concierges hand was just emerging from a box marked Suite 301.Becker thanked the concierge and slowly wandered off looking for the elevator.In and out, he repeated to himself.

Phonetics and Phonology

REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE CARACAS CATEDRA DE FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA ASIGNATURA FONETICA Y FONOLOGIA II AN ANALYSIS OF A SPEECH SAMPLE IN WHICH UNDERLIE A VARIETY OF ENGLISH vowel sound sound sound sound sound SOUNDS Authors Aymara Villasmil Daniel Rodriguez CARACAS, FEBRERO DE 2011 INTRODUCTION Throughout the years, a variety of famous linguists consider do an attempt to define the tricky question of what row is. For instance, Halliday (1973) affirms that words is an instrument of communication among members of a social group.In relation to this, Gimson (1962) states that a language is a system of conventional signals ingestiond for a communication by a whole community. On the other hand, Whitman (1975) when trying to describe the concept of language establishes a particular connection between the use of language and the mental processes speaker experiences. He states that language, far from being independent of the mind, was so inextricably bind to the mind that the study of language was virtually the study of human mind.These several(predicate) assumptions of what language is impel us, as future EFL teachers, to recognize the enormous responsibility teaching incline as a contrasted language involves. Due to the fact that we will necessarily have to handle several definitions of what language is and its components (syntax, grammar, phonetics and phonology, semantics,) in target to help students realize the variety of elements they use when communicating with others.For instance, when teaching our students a language level much(prenominal) as phonetics and phonology, which primary involves orthoepy we have to make them aw ar that it is not lonesome(prenominal) a content of pronouncing sounds in isolation, but that these sounds are part of a communicative system the use in day-to-day life. In relation to this, Strickland ( U. D ) states that learning a language, whet her it is the mother tongue or a foreign one, is learning a system of sounds and their arrangements in words and patterns of organization together with the concepts the words and patterns represent.The fol broken ining scripted work has as a primary proposal, the analysis of a speech sample recorded from a beginner speaker of slope language who read a four paragraph newspaper bind in which the fol starting vocalic sounds were immersed middle(prenominal)dledle(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) measly stand /? /, poor foregoing man /? / , mid - proud back / /, mid mellow bet /? / . Through the record we will be analyzing the substitution the speaker make or not of every of the four vocalic sounds mentioned before.We will be justifying why the speaker do that substitution, which factors influenced in the substitution and finally, we will be giving a variety of suggestions / recommendations for the appropriated production of vowel sounds of English and the rest of the inventory sounds. General Objective ? To explain the transference the speaker makes when pronouncing the English vowels which do not belong / exist to Spanish inventory sounds. Specific Objectives ? To demonstrate the articulatory features that influence the speaker when pronouncing English vowel sounds. To establish divergent factors that affect the Speaker when pronouncing English vowels. ? To provide students accurate and useful pronunciation techniques that will make them improve their pronunciation of English. ONE of the few surprises at the Golden humanitys two weeks past youll be forgiven if youve already forgotten about that odd little broadcast was the award given to Carlos, the french director Olivier Assayass five-hour-plus reconstruction of the life and career of the notorious terrorist of the 1970s and 80s Carlos the Jackal.The award represented a high point of cosmopolitanism at a predictably parochial event 11 languages spoken on screen dozens of locations ac ross Europe and the Middle East a polyglot cast take by a Venezuelan star, Edgar Ramirez, who has the softwoodential to become an international sex symbol. What more could you want from a foreign film? /w? n ? v fju s? rprajz? z ? t gold? n globz tu wiks ? go ju ll bi f? rg? v? n ? f ju vealready f? rg? t? n ? bawt t ? d l? t? l br? dk? st w? z ?w? rd g? v? n tu k? rlos, fr? nt? d? r? kt? r ol? vie assayas sfive- aw? r- pl? s rik? nstr? k n ? lajf ? nd k? r? r ? v not? ri? s t? r? r? st ? v 1970s ? nd 80s k? rlos d k? l. ?w? rd r? pr? z? nt? d ? haj p? jnt ? v cosmopolitanism ? t ? pr? d? kt? bli p? roki? l ? v? nt 11 l gw? d z spok? n ? n skrin d? z? nz ? v loke nz ? kr? s j? r? p ? nd m? d? l ist ? p? liglat k? st l? d baj ? v? n? zwel? n st? r, dgar r? m, rezwho h? z p? t? n l tu b? k? m ? n ? nt? rn n? l s? ks s? mb? l. w? t m? r k? d ju w? nt fr? m ? f? r? n f? lm/ phonetic Transcription Well say mis sound out Segment used for substitution /? / /? f/ repla cement of the mid-high drift vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ / t/ /l? t? l/ /br? k? st/ Back closing diphthong /ou/ instead of the mid low back /? / in the first syllable. /br? dk? st/ substitute of the low social movement vowel /? / for the profound schwa /? in the second syllable. /g? v? n/ /ol? vie/ /? nd/ substitution of the low await vowel /? / for the underlying schwa /? in the second syllable. /k? r? r/ /t? r? r? st/ re-sentencing of the Mid- high lie vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /sev? nt? / excision of the mid-high back vowel. /? nd/ /e? t? / Deletion of the mid-high back vowel. /d k? l/ /? t/ /pr? ? kt? b? l/ Substitution o the Mid- high drive vowel /I/ for the mid front in the first syllable and substitution of Mid- high front vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ in the second syllable. /? v? nt /l gw? d z/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central /? / in the first syllable. /? kr? s/ Substitution of the mid-low back /? , for the Spanish /o/ /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central schwa /? / in the second syllable. /m? d? / Substitution of the Mid- high front vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /k? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /r? mirez/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central shwa /? / /h? z/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /b? k? m/ /? n/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central schwa /? / /? nt? rn n? l/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /? nt? rn n? l/ /s? mb? l/ /k? / /f? lm/ Except that Carlos was not nominated for the Golden Globe in that category (the winner was In a Better World, from Denmark) it was made for, and first shown on, French television, a fact that also rendered it inel igible for consideration as a foreign-language or any other sorting of film by the academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which announced its nominees put out Tuesday.Mr. Assayass dark-horse achievement at the Globes was for best mini serial or motion picture made for television. Fair enough, given its origins. Then again, Carlos has encountered its Ameri apprise audience in the way more and more foreign films do these days on a handful of movie screens in big cities, and on cable and video-on-demand. So its exclusion from the Oscars seems somewhat arbitrary. /? ks? pt t k? rlos w? z n? t n? m? net? d f? r gold? n glob ? n t k? t? g? ri ( w? n? r w? z ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, fr? m d? nm? rk) ? t w? z med f? r, ? nd f? rst ? on ? n, fr? nt? t? l? v n, ? f? kt t ? so r? nd? rd ? t ? n? l? d b? l f? r k? ns? d? re n ? z ? f? r? n- l gw? d? ?r ? ni r kajnd ? v f? lm baj ?k? d? mi ? v mo n p? kt r ? rts ? nd saj? ns? z, w? t? ?nawnst ? ts n? m? niz l? st tuzdi. m? st? r. assayas sdark- h? rs v? kt? ri ? t globz w? z f? r b? st m? nisiriz ? r mo n p? kt r med f? r t? l? v n. f? r ? n? f, g? v? n ? ts ? r? d nz. n ? g? n, k? rlos h? z ? nkawnt? rd ? ts ? m? r? k? n ? di? ns ? n we m? r ? nd m? r f? r? n f? lmz du ? iz dez ? n ? h? ndf? l ? v muvi skrinz ? n b? g s? tiz, ? nd ? n keb? l ? nd v? dio- ? n- d? m? nd. so ? ts ? ksklu n fr? m sk? rz simz s? mw? t ? rb? tr? ri/ Phonetic Transcription Well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? ks? pt/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the mid front /e/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? /? n/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /k? t? g? ri/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? /w? n? r/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? n/ /? t/ /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schw a /? / /t? l? v n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /f? kt/ / t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / /? t/ /? n? l? d b? l/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ in the second syllable. /k? ns? d? re / /? z/ /l gw? d? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the mid-front /e/ /en? / /f? m/ /? k? d? mi/ /p? kt r/ /? nd/ /w? t? / /? s/ /l? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / /m? st? r/ /v? kt? ri/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /m? st? r? z/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /p? kt / /t? l? v n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /g? v? n/ /? ts/ /? ? d nz/ Substitutio n of schwa /? / for the highest front vowel /i/ in the second syllable, Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ in the third syllable. /h? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /? ts/ /? n/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? d/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /f? lmz/ /h? ndf? l/ /h? ndf? l/ /? / /b? g/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /s? tiz/ Substitution of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /? d/ /v? dio/ /d? m? nd/ /d? m? nd/ ? s ? ksklu n ? sk? rz Substitution of the mid low back /? /, for the Spanish /o/ But so does everything else about the way the Academy deals with movies from the rest of the world. An elaborate and mysterious winnowing process pares down the thousands of potential nominees to five. This y ear they are eye tooth from Greece, Incendies from Canada, Biutiful from Mexico, Outside the Law from Algeria and In a Better World, which might be considered the front-runner if you take the Globes as an omen. /b? t so d? z ? vri ?ls ? bawt we ?k? d? mi dilz w muviz fr? m r? st ? v w? rld. ?n ? l? br? t ? nd m? st? ri? w? no pr? s? s p? rz dawn ?awz? ndz ? v p? t? n l n? m? niz tu fajv. s j? r ? e ? r dogtooth violet fr? m gris, incendies fr? m k? n? d? , biutiful fr? m m? ks? ko, awtsajd l? fr? m ? ld ri? ?nd ? n ? b? t? r w? rld, w? t? majt bi k? ns? d? rd fr? nt- r? n? r ? f ju tek globz ? z ? n om? n/ Phonetic Transcription Well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? vri / /? k? d? i/ /w / /? n/ /? l? br? t/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /m? st? r? z/ Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the mid-front / e/ in the second syllable. /w? no / s/ Replacement of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ /j? r/ /k? n? d? / The speaker did not produce de vowel sound. /? ld ri? / Substitution of mid high front /I/ for the mid-front /e/ in the second syllable. /? ld ri? / Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the Mid-low back /? / in the first syllable /? n/ /w? ? / /k? ns? d? rd/ /? f/ /? z/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? /? n/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / Dogtooth came and went on a few American screens last spring, and Outside the Law had a brief run in December (and may return short circuitly) only Biutiful, whose globally famous star, Javier Bardem, was nominated for best actor, is likely to be playing now at a theater near you.The others will be released in the late winter or early spring, in the hopes of realizing some kind of box office bo unce. The usual pre-nomination handicapping the canvassing of critical opinion and the weighing of general sentiment does not apply to these movies, which might in principle make the choices less compromised, but in practice only serves to make them more confusing. dogtooth kem ? nd w? nt ? n ? fju ? m? r? k? n skrinz l? st spr , ? nd awtsajd l? h? d ? brif r? n ? n d? s? mb? r ( ? nd me r? t? rn rtli) onli biutiful, huz glob? i fem? s st? r, h? vi? r bardem, w? z n? m? net? d f? r b? st ? kt? r, ? z lajkli tu bi ple naw ? t ? ?i? t? r n? r ju. rz w? l bi rilist ? n let w? nt? r ? r ? rli spr , ? n hops ? v ril? jz s? m kajnd ? v b? ks ? f? s bawns. ju w? l pri- n? m? ne n h? ndik? p k? nv? s ?v kr? t? k? l ? p? nj? n ? nd we ?v p? pj? l? r s? nt? m? nt d? z n? t ? plaj tu ? iz muviz, w? t? majt ? n pr? ns? p? l mek t js? z l? s k? mpr? m? jzd, b? t ? n pr? kt? s onli s? rvz tu mek m m? r k? nfjuz / Phonetic Transcription Well pronounced mispronounced Segment used for substitution /? nd/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? / for the central Schwa /? / /l? st/ Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the low-back. /spr / /? nd/ /h? d/ /? n/ /? d/ /? kt? r/ /? z/ /ple / /? t/ /n? / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the central diphthong /I? / /w? l/ Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /? / /w? nt? r/ /spr / /? n/ /ril? jz / /? ? s/ Substitution of the mid low back /? /, for the Spanish /o/ /h? ndik? p / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /h? ndik? p /k? nv? s / /k? nv? s / Substitution of the mid-high back vowel /I/ for the Spanish /i/ /kr? t? k? l/ /? p? j? n/ /? nd/ /we / /w? t? / /? n/ /pr? s? p? l/ /? n/ /pr? kt? s/ /k? nfjuz / METHODOLOGYAn IPC student from the Second semester was selected for the recording of the sp eech sample which was one of the main concerns of this investigation. The recording was made on February 9th in a classroom of the IPC. The electronic device used was a low quality electric cell phone whose recording application allowed us to record the students speech and then, through USB connection, transferred the audio frequency to the PC and copied the data in a CD-ROM. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS CHART N? 1 Production of the vowel sound mid low back /? / in a text read by a student of the second semester at the IPC. Pronunciation well Substitution Well Pronounced Mispronounced Substitution of the mid /? 0 4 low back /? /, for the 0% 100 % Spanish /o/ in some of the cases. For the vowel sound low front /? / (fifty three times). For the vowel sound mid -high back /? / (two times). For the vowel sound mid high front /? / (eighty two times). For the vowel sound mid-low back /? / ( four times) Sound mightily Wrong Substitution 2 0 /? / 100% 0% None Sound Right Wrong Substitution 57 24 /? 70% 30% In just about of the cases, replacement of the mid high front /I/ for the highest front /i/ Sound Right Wrong Substitution 22 31 /? / 42% 58% In most of the cases, Substitution of the low front vowel /? for the central Schwa /? / 1- The speakers most troublesome sound was the mid low back vowel of English /? /, although its incidence in the whole article was very low, only four times. Nevertheless, the student substituted the English sound /? / whose lip- position is equal to the one of Spanish / o /, that is, slightly rounded. 2- After the mid-low back vowel, the most troublesome sound was the low front vowel /? /, due to the fact that the speaker substituted this sound /? / in most of the cases for schwa /? or Mid-low back /? /, in which the lips are slightly spread and the vowels for the substitution are lax (/? /) and tense (/? /) respectively. Some aspects that may cause trouble fo r the speaker is the word spell, because sometimes they draw to get confused or doubtful when pronouncing a word, in the moment they see a tight or uncommon spelling. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to facilitate our labor as future English teachers and to go on our students to learn the language while developing effective skills, being speaking our main concern, the researchers selected a series of educational techniques ? ReadingsAs future EFL teachers we have to expose our students to English language through readings in which students will check a visual stage (graphemes) and an auditory one (phonemes). Students will read aloud pieces of literature made by them or any selected reading material made by the teacher such as, short stories A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, To Build a fire by Jack London, or any play such as Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Students will read or hear structures like pot stop, tip sleep, car bad and the will also be aware of the likenesses or differences among vocalic sounds immersed in the readings. Dictation EFL teachers must develop listening skill, so as a speaking one, in their students and this can be done through the appropriate use of dictation as a useful and practical technique that will allow students to receive a phonic background and then to analyze the spelling data involved, that is, graphemes. The most important part of this method is that students will be able to create the pieces of writings that will be read by the teacher or among the classmates and whose content will be match to their interests and experiences, so student? creative expression will also be taken into account as essential part of the learning process. ? Poetry According to Stuckland (1962) students like poetry first for its singing quality, for its rhyme, circle and all that goes into the melody of verse. That is, the enjoyable environment poetry creates when students interpret its content. Suggested poems will be Hickory, Dicko ry, Dock by William Wallace Denslow in whose content are presented a variety of vowel sounds. CONCLUSIONSIn order to make our students aware of the different vowels in English, we as English teachers, have to clarify and exemplify several exercises for them, to make a short letter in pronunciation patterns of the sounds they can come on more troublesome in English. We can write similar words in the board and provide a distinction of sounds to differentiate them, so students could see the pronunciation if we would practice with them the distinction and very essential, the spelling patterns for the English vowel productions and examples with these.Furthermore, if we teach these spelling patterns criteria and we practice the pronunciation of these difficult vowels for our students, they will assimilate and acquire a better understanding, specifically if we focus our attention on these vowels /? / and /? /. As another useful activity, we can encourage our students to produce the diffe rent vowels of English by different techniques, and be aware of common mistakes in the utterance of the mid-low back and /? / and the low front /? /.Regarding this, we can explain our students different techniques to practice in the classroom, such as reading activities, dictations, spelling patterns, pronunciation differences and others. Finally, we as EFL teachers have to be more sensible while listening to our student? s vowel production and when they find it difficult to make a distinction between the vowel systems of English and Spanish, and we can provide them with a comparison and contrast pattern, in order to provide them with the comprehension and accurate distinction between these systems, making their pronunciation more accurate. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCESSAPIR, EDWARD(1921)Language An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt Brace and Company, Orlando, Florida. STRICKLAND, RUTH (1969) The language arts. D. C Health and Company. Lexington, Massachusetts. A. C,GIMSON (1962) An introduction to the pronunciation of English. Reader in Phonetics, University College, London. A. C,GIMSON (1975) A practical Course of English Pronunciation, a perceptual approach. Edward Arnold Publishers, 25 Hill Street, London. Professor Viktor Carrasquero Hickory, dickory, dock The mouse ran up the clock The clock strike one, The mouse ran down, Hickory, dickory, dock

History of Rock n Roll

gruesome notes- Blue melodies be full of slightly altered preparees. Lowered 3rd and lowered 7th 10. monetary received song form (ABA)- a musical structure that typically consists of devil musical parts (A and B) compete in four sections. Each section is usually 8 measures long. 11 . Smooch tune- Ballad vocalizer for the easy listening, slow dancing love songs 12. 12-bar gentle devils progression- so called beca practise each compose Is twelve bars long. No matter what the tempo of the song, there Is a staple fibre skirt that Is counted in groups of four, with four crush to each part.Arranged Into three groups of four measures. 13. Rockabilly Polymaths-The combination of two contrasting rungic stand bys simultaneously. There are two main types of polymaths unit of ammunition methods that carry over the bar and pulsations that exist within the bar. 14. Slide guitar- The term chute is in reference to the sliding motion of the slew against the cosmic strings, w hile bottleneck refers to the original clobber of alternative for such slides, which were the necks of gl shadower bottles. 15. Station (Ref) Repeated melodic figures on the low strings 16.Grist (Jail)- African musicians who symbolize most closely to the megrims singers hailstorm/musicians room northwest Africa. W. C. Handy 17. Double lolly-is the act of compete two notes simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument (like a marimba) or stringed instrument (for example, a violin or a guitar). 18. Bent notes- to slightly alter the pitch of a note by pilling on a string, raising or lowering the representative, or tightening or loosening the embouchure, or mouth position, on a horn. (Often considered a blue note) 19.Barbershops rhythm- The surface rhythm of a guitar accompaniment subdivides the basic pulse into a triple conventionality, resulting in a bouncy, uneven rhythm. 20. Two- remonstrate freshwater bass- bassist plays the root of the chord on the starting time bea t of a 4/4 measure and the fifth of the chord on the third beat of a measure. Heavy emphasis on beats 1 & 3. 21 . Tonic- the main or exchange pitch off major key. Tonic also refers to the chord that Is strengthened on the first pitch of a scale and Is therefore the mall or central chord, or home chord of a major or minor scale. 22.Dominant- The is severely underlineed 24. Backseat- 2 & 4 beats are heavily accented 25. ingredient- the fourth pitch of a major or minor scale. Also refers to the chord that is built on the fourth pitch of a scale. 26. Work song- a piece of music closely affiliated to a specific form of work, either sung while conducting a task (often to coordinate timing) or a song linked to a task or trade which might be a connected narrative, description, or protest song. 27. Strophic song form- a song form in which each verse of the text is sung to the same music.The music for each verse stays the same, and only the lyrics change. 28. String circumstances- ea rliest country groups consist of die hard vocalist, back up vocalists, fiddles, acoustic guitars, banjo, and acoustic bass (sometimes mandolin). 29. Turnaround-Very often on the last measure of the regression (measure 12), the dominant chord is played to set up the return of the tonic water chord at the beginning of the next verse. 30. Fill- The last two measures of each sung line are an improvised instrumental passage, an instrumental response to the sung call.Know who the following people are and with which jolt or blues artists or demeanors they are associated 1. Charley Patton- Father of the Delta discolour 2. Cosmic Mahatmas- Owner, recording engineer, J & M Studios 3. Jerry womens liberationist & Mike Stroller- are among the most influential American songwriters and music producers in post-World War II best-selling(predicate) music. . Alan Freed- known also as Monody, was an American disc-jockey who became internationally known for promoting African-American rhythm and b lues music on the radio in the United States and Europe under the name of rock and roll. . Phil & Leonard Chess- was a record company executive and the compriseer of Chess Records 6. macroscopical Mama Thornton- was an American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record the cook song Hound Dog in 1952. 7. surface-to-air missile Philips- founder of Sun Studios in Memphis, TN 8. Scotty Moore- induce guitarist in Elvis readiness 9. Cool. Tom Parker- Elvis manager 10. Eddie Cochran- was an American rock and roll musician and an important influence on pop music during the late sass, early sass. 11.Dave Bartholomew Artist & Repertoire (A & R) Trumpet player, arranger, manager, band leader (Mint that a shame co wrote with Fats Domino) 12. Carl Perkins- pop performer with Memphis rock and roll. Style includes 1 . Anticipated chord 2. Finger picking 3. Dampens Strings 4. atomic number 53 and Double bends 5. Syncopated rhythms The vapors Call and response per formance technique from work songs. (Eased the production of work) Deciding melody from field hollers Use of blue notes lowered 3rd and 7th scale degrees truthful harmonic progression ( l, V, V) from church hymns, folk songs.Strophic Song Form Series of verses, essentially same footmark lyrics change terra firma and westerly (Southern country and Southwestern country swing) Southern Country General Characteristics round-eyed Melodies (narrow range uncomplicated surface rhythms) Simple Harmonic structures Simple rhythms , clear meters Use of two beat bass itty-bitty elaborate instrumental improvisation Vocalists often have a wasted quality, slide from pitch to pitch, use widening technique Texts often about unrequited love Lilted lovers) Blues + Country = Southern Country Style Jimmie Rogers (1867-1933) sometimes called father of country music Blue Yodel (recur. 927) tea for Texas Hank Williams (1923- 1953) Move it On Over (recur. 1949) The Carter Family Southwestern Coun try Swing Mixes elements of southern country with big band swing. Originated in the Texas string bands, late sasss -early sasss To country swing band added Drums Piano Steel Guitar (often) Horn variance Performed same repertoire as country band, but also included popular wind, pop and blues songs. Players encouraged to improvise Influenced mainstream country with use of drums, piano, electric instruments Bob Willis (1905 1975) Swing Blues (recur. 936) Boogie Woozier Woozier was popular with dance bands & their audiences Also known as honey ton from the type of bar in which the style originated. Possibly from Madding word bug to beat a drum Possibly from English slang bogie at first meaning dark apparitions. Later used to describe blacks in a derogatory fashion. Characteristics Eight quick pulses per measure (8 to the bar) Uses the barbershops rhythm (bounced) Improvised right hand part Steady pattern ( commit riff in left handUses 12 bar blues progression Made Lewis Rhythm and Blues General Characteristics Blue elements Strophic song form ABA blues text form honeyed style (descending melody, blue notes) 12-bar blues progression Boogie Woozier elements station bass line 8-pulse rhythm (walking rhythm Constant) barbershops rhythm Big band swing elements performance style instrumentationpiano, guitar, bass, drums (rhythm section), horns, Be prepared to recognize artists discussed in secern who are representative of these styles. Be familiar with the specific style characteristics of Rural Texas blues Single-note bass string runs Repatriated chords (chord that is spread) Repeated melodic, rhythmic figures (riffs) on bass strings Alternate playing on bass and double strings (Alternate high and low) Single String Melody Fills Blind Lemon Jefferson (c. 1883-1929) Heart Attack found frozen the next day in his Cadillac. Field Holler Style Rural Mississippi delta blues- popular sliding from note to note Play slide guitar Wailing style of singing (forlorn) Small Melodic Range (low -up a little then back down) Intricate Polymaths Rhythmic Choral fills (rather than melodic) Percussive playing styleCharley Patton Father of the Delta Blues Robert Johnson (c. 1911-1938) Cross Road Blues (recur. 1936) Song Echoes his selling his soul to the devil Died from complications of pneumonia from whisky laced with strychnine) Part of the 27 Club Texas Urban Blues Stronger influence on other blues, Jazz then on rock Generally use horns in back up band saxophone often the soloing instrument Strong Piano basis (rather than guitar) Aaron T-bone walker (1910-1975) Call it Stormy Monday Blues (recur. 1947) gigantic influence on rock guitarists Urban shekels blues- Derived from Mississippi Delta Blues Use of slide guitarFrequent slides surrounded by notes Frequent use of bent notes Frequent use of double stopped strings Intricate rhythm patterns, polymaths Single string fills (esp B. B. exponent) Muddy (grandmother gave him this) Waters (from his Job) (1915-1984) McKinley Northfield Blow Wind Blow (recur. 1950) Harmonica (unique go) B. B King Northern band rock n roll ( preeminence Haley) Style Characteristics A steady, mechanical meter Fast tempos abrupt guitar chords on the back beat (2 and 4) A slapped, walking bass line (clicking) A boogie woozier station (often, not always) Bill Haley and The Comets Shake, Rattle, and RollCombines Western String Band (lead & background vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar, electric lead guitar, steel guitar) with rhythm and blues (bass, drums, piano, tenor saxophone) New Orleans dance rock- An overall bass nates Boogie Woozier Barbershops rhythm (bounce feel) The basic beat is often subdivided into 3 quick pulses (triplet feel) Rhythms and meters are looser than the stiff, mechanical meters of Bill Haley and the Memphis Country style. Surface rhythms vary from a lively, bouncy beat to a slow, intense shuffle beat. Lead vocalists featured prominently Rarely any background singingRhythm & B lues band lead vocal, piano, acoustic bass, drums, guitar, tenor saxophone Cosmic Mates Owner, recording engineer, J & M Studios Dave Bartholomew Artist & Repertoire (A & R) Trumpet player, arranger, manager, band leader Antoine Fats Domino Warm Creole accent 2 handed boogie woozier style candid song structures Fat Man Blue Berry Hill Standard Song Form Little Richard Penman Fire and Brimstone singing style Gospel oriented, influenced Frenetic, energetic performing style melodic line Sax Solo about 2/3 into song Memphis country rock Rhythm & Blues Elements Emphasis on back beat 2 bar blues format Country and Western Elements Instrumentation (string bands) Strict rhythms Nasal singing style Pronunciation (accent) Overall treble dominated sound (twangs) Instrumentation Lead Electric guitar Acoustic rhythm guitar Acoustic bass (slap bass 2 beat (Beats 1 & 3)) Drums, Piano (After c. 1956) Generally no backup singers Lead Guitar Style Bright, tinny character Corresponds with nasal v oice Primarily country style picking (finger postsecondary on delta blues style (slide) Vocal Characteristics Stuttering, yelps, around the bend falsetto Sometimes slur words together Nasal singingOther characteristics Generally fast tempos Propelled by slapped bass Looser sense of rhythm than New Orleans Dance Recorded with natural studio echo unquestionable principally at Sun Studios, Memphis, TN (Sam Phillips) Carl Perkins-guitar style- Anticipated Chords Finger Picking Dampens Strings Single and Double bend Syncopated Rhythms Elvis Presleyvocal style and influences Vocal Styles influences Country Clear pronunciation Southern accent whizz of melodic phrasing Hiccup, stutter (from yodel) Rural Blues Vocal Delivery (groups, blue notes) tweed Gospel Clear, four part harmonies Black Gospel Exuberant performing styles (shouting Etc) Pop Low tones, vibrato Chicago rock n roll Time Generally Fast Tempos Hard-driving beat Even beat subdivisions heavy(p) Guitar base bands Soloists a re guitarists Instrumentation like R&B Band Vocal, Electric Guitar, Bass, Drums, Piano May use horns for background riffing Generally no back-up singers Guitar style derived from Chicago blues Slide Guitar Finger sliding on strings Multiple -stopped strings (& bends) Hard, percussive picking style Harmony 12 bar blues progression Form Strophic Texts Often Narrative Chuck Berryguitar style and influencesStyle Characteristics Strong use of shorten rhythms Use of repeated rhythms, melodic figures (riffs) Guitar accompaniment from boogie woozier accompaniment Use of double & multiple stops Finger slides, single & double notes Click introductory figure Guitar Sources Charlie Christian, Carl Hogan Jazz) Muddy Waters, T-Bone Walker (Blues) Melodic Sense Illinois Jacket daze Sax) Influenced by Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker Heavy use of enjoy in amplifier Raw edged blues sound Chant like, rhythmic solos Rhythms based on Cuba rhythm (Boo Diddled Rhythm or Hammond rhythm) Buddy Hollyguitar and vocal styles Combines elements of Memphis & Chicago Rock and Roll Background in Country & Western Vocal Characteristics Highpoint/Stuttering Changing vocal tone color mid-song Recorded own material almost exclusively First group with line-up of electric lead and rhythm guitars, bass, drums, and everyone sings. Double tracked vocals and guitar solos (recorded voice 2nd) Popularized use of Fender Cotoneaster guitar.Vocal group rock n roll Predecessors Black vocal harmony groups 1890-sasss sass ass Mills Brothers, Ink Spots Vocal Traits based Gospel traditions High tenor against low, rumbling bass Backing harmonies fill in chord Call and response between lead tenor and back-singers Sound Lead Vocalist supported by 3-4 back-up vocalists Tight, close harmony singing (barbershop style) Backup sings hokum syllables Instrumentalists deep in background (except for solos) Band guitar, drums, bass, piano, tenor saxophone Form Many songs in standard song form Harmony Many songs use the d o whop progression Tonic (major) Substantiated (minor) Subdivision Dominant (l -IV-IV-V) C C- A mint -F -G Other Many one or two hit wonders Many Bird Groups (Orioles, Ravens, Penguins, Larks Etc) Many Car Groups (Falsehoods, El Dorado, Impalas Etc)